I n yv> ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS QL' VOLUME L, 1939 K PHILIP P. CALVERT, PH. D., EDITOR ASSOCIATE EDITORS : E. T. CRESSON, JR. R. G. SCHMIEDER, PH. D. V. S. L. PATE ADVISORY COMMITTEE : PHILIP LAURENT J. A. G. REHN CHARLES LIEBECK JOHN C. LUTZ J. CHESTER BRADLEY, PH. D. MAX KISLIUK, JR. FRANK MORTON JONES, Sc. D. WM. W. CHAPMAN PUBLISHED BY THE AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY, PHILADELPHIA, PA.: THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES LOGAN SQUARE 1939 The several numbers of the NEWS for 1939 were mailed at the Post Office at Philadelphia, Pa., as follows: No. 1 January January 26, 1939 " 2 February February 9 " 3 March March 10 " 4 April April 13 " 5 May , May 10 " 6 June June 16 " 7 July July 18 " 8 October October 6 " 9 November Novembers The date of mailing the December, 1939, number will be announced on the last page of the issue for January, 1940. Subscriptions for 1939 are now due. ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS JANUARY, 1939 s ((* Vol. L CONTENTS Clark, Austin H. and Leila F. Butterflies of a Wood Road at Suffolk, Virginia 1 Hayes A Bibliography of Keys for the Identification of Immature In- sects. Part 1. Diptera 5 Gloyd A Synopsis of the Odonata of Alaska 1] Blaisdell A New Species of Coelus Eschscholtz. (Coleoptera: Tenebri- onidae): 16 Bodenstein A New Holopyga from the Western United States. (Hym- enoptera: Chrysididae) . 19 Gyger A Treatment for Crumpled Wings of Odonata Nymphs to Dis- close their Venation 21 Babiy Apis griseocollis DeGeer Bombus separatusCresson. (Hymen- optera: Bombidae) Schwarz A Substitute Name for Patera Schwarz (Hymenoptera: Mel- iponidae) Robinson A New Species of Aphodius from New Jersey (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) 24 Current Entomological Literature 25 Frost Occurrence of Aphodius scrofa Fabricius in Western Maine (Coleo.: Scarabaeidae) 30 PHILADELPHIA, PA. THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES, 1900 Race Street Entered at the Philadelphia, Pa., Post Office aa Second Class Matter. 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Communications on observations made in the course of your studies are solicited; also exhibits of any specimens you consider of interest. The printer of the "News" will furnish reprints of articles, without covers, over and above the twenty-five given free at the following rates: One or two pages, twenty-five copies, 35 cents; three or four pages, twenty-five copies, 70 cents; five to eight pages twenty-five copies, $1.40; nine to twelve pages, twenty five copies, $2.00; each half-tone plate, twenty-five copies. 30 cents; each plate of line cuts, twenty-five copies, 25 cents: greater numbers of copies will be at the corresponding multiples of these rates." Printed oven for 50 copies, $4.00 or more, according to number of paces bound. ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS VOL. L. JANUARY, 1939 No. 1 Butterflies of a Wood Road at Suffolk, Virginia. By AUSTIN H. CLARK and LEILA F. CLARK, U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C. Seventy-three species of butterflies we have found along a half-mile stretch of abandoned woodland road on the north- western border of the Dismal Swamp parallel to a lumber rail- way on the outskirts of Suffolk, Virginia. Such a wealth of butterflies, including so many rarities, in a restricted and easily accessible locality is unusual and seems worth recording. In- deed, more species undoubtedly are to be found there, for our visits to the region have been few, and our time on each visit limited to a few hours. Furthermore, every visit has yielded species we had not seen before, and in the more or less im- mediate vicinity we have found nine additional species that might well occur there. Perhaps the most interesting butterfly here is Enodia creola which is found in the cane (Arundinaria gigantea) along the road for a distance of about 150 feet. Here we once took twenty-one specimens in a couple of hours. Since then we have paid little attention to it, but have noted its constant pres- ence. Everywhere along the road, except in this special region, E. portlandia is abundant. Inconspicuous and always keeping near the ground, feeding on the flowers of violets, Prunella or Elephantopns according to season, is the little skipper Amblyscirtcs Carolina. It is not very common, but you may see as many as a dozen in the course of a morning. Usually you will see three or four sometimes none. Much more numerous and conspicuous is A. iextor, which is sometimes abundant. On two brief visits two days apart, just before the middle of June, Mr. and Mrs. E. L. Bell secured sixty and we secured fifty-eight, after which we passed them by. t 2 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS fj^-. '39 From time to time you notice the strangely inert Atrytonc dion in the grass, and occasionally the wary Poanes ychl or Atrytonc logan, the last named of large size. Incidentally it is the northern form of Atrytone dion that is found here, not the smaller, darker, southern form (alabamac) found further northward in the Dahl Swamp in Accomac County on the Eastern Shore. Near the trees burdened with mistletoe on the southern edge of the road you sometimes notice the unsuspicious and stupid Atlides Jialcsus, and in the grass, if you look closely, you may find Nymphidia pinnila perched head downward with wings outspread. Naturally, all of the butterflies we have found here do not occur at the same season, nor are they equally abundant in different years. Most of the more unusual ones are commonest in a wet season- rain with intervals of sunshine. In the course of our investigations we have covered every section of Nansemond, Norfolk and Princess Anne Counties. Most of this area, more or less extensively drained and inten- sively cultivated, is singularly devoid of butterflies, even of the commonest species. When butterflies do occur they are mainly the species of barren country and waste lands, or of weedy roadsides. In the height of the season man)' gardens yield no butterflies at all, while in others you find only Vanessa virgini- ensis, Euptoieta clandia, Picris rapae, Atalopedes campcstris, Hylephila phylaens and Panoquina ocola, with an occasional swallowtail, usually Papilio gloncns or P. troilus, and some- times Terms lisa and Phocbis cnbitlc. Only in localized and usually widely separated regions are the more interesting species found. There are some other spots that are very rich, perhaps as rich as this woodland road, but we have not worked them so intensively. And still others are notable for the occurrence in numbers of a particular species. As an example, along the main highway (route 10) about two miles west of Spring drove, Surry County, we have found Argynnis diaua more numerous than we have ever seen it else- 1, '39] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS where. Mrs. Barnes, who very kindly gave us permission to look over her garden, told us that she had seen as many as twenty-five at one time about her butterfly-bush. The wood road is reached as follows : Starting from the Hotel Elliott opposite the Post Office at Suffolk you go southeast on Main Street for two blocks, then turn left onto Washington Street. Following Washington Street for about a mile you come to a fork with an Esso station in it. Bearing to the right on the White Marsh road past the Esso station you come in less than a mile to a lumber railway that crosses the road. Just beyond this railway crossing, on the left, is a large lumber yard. Turn to the left at the company store and, securing per- mission from the "boss-man," park your car in the lumber yard. Going to the lumber railway, you will see that it goes down a short incline into the Dismal Swamp. At the bottom of the incline leave the railway, cross the dry ditch on its north side and, passing through the brush, you immediately find yourself on the wood road. The butterflies for which we have records from along this road and the nearby lumber railway are the following : SATYRIDAE: Neonympha gemma (Hiibner), N. eurytus (Fabricus), N. sosybius (Fabricius), Cercyonis dope alope (Fabricius), Enodia portlandia portlandia (Fabricius), E. creola (Skinner). NYMPHALIDAE: Polygonia interrogation's (Fabricius), P. comma (Harris), Nymphalis antiopa creta (Verity), Vanessa atalanta (Linne), V. virginiensis (Drury), V. cardui (Linne), Precis coenia Hiibner, Basilarchia arthemis astyanax (Fabri- cius), B. ar chip pus (Cramer), Phyciodes tharos (Drury), Argynnis diana (Cramer), A. cybele (Fabricius), Euptoieta claudia (Cramer). DANAIDAE: Danaus plexippus (Linne). RIODINIDAE : Nymphidia pumila Boisduval and LeConte. LYCAENIDAE: Lycaenopsis argiolus pseudargiolus (Bois- duval and LeConte), Everes comyntas (Godart), Atlidcs hale- sus (Cramer), Strymon m-album (Boisduval and LeConte), Strymon cecrops (Fabricius), Strymon melinus (Hiibner). PIERIDAE: Pieris rapae (Linne), P. protodice Boisduval and LeConte, Euchloe genutia (Fabricius), Phocbis cnbitlc (Linne), Colias philodice philodicc Godart, C. p. citi-ylhcinc 4 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Ja^L, '39 Boisduval and LeConte, Terias nicippe (Cramer), T. lisa (Bois- duval and LeConte). PAPILIONIDAE : Papilio philenor Linne, P. polyxcncs asterius Cramer, P. crcsphontes Cramer, P. glaucus Linne, P. troilus Linne, P. palamedes Drury, P. marcellus Cramer. HESPERIIDAE : Epargyreus clarus (Cramer), Achalarus lyci- ades (Geyer), Thorybes bathyllus (Smith), T. pylades (Scud- der), T. confusis Bell, Pyrgus communis (Grote), Pholisora catullus (Fabricius), Erynnis icelns (Scudder and Burgess), E. brizo (Boisduval and LeConte), E. juvenalis (Fabricius), E. horatius (Scudder and Burgess), E. tcrentius (Scudder and Burgess), Ancyloxypha numitor (Fabricius), Hylephila ph\- laeus (Drury), Atalopedes campestris (Boisduval), Polites verna (W. H. Edwards), P. manataaqua (Harris), P. thcmi- stocles (Latreille), P. peckius (Kirby), Wallengrenia otho egeretnet (Scudder), Poanes zabulon (Boisduval and Le- Conte), P. yehl (Skinner), Airy tone aragos (Boisduval and LeConte), A. logan (W. H. Edwards), A. dion (W. H. Ed- wards), A. ruricola (Boisduval), Lerema accius (Smith), Am- blyscirtes textor (Hiibner), A. Carolina (Skinner) (and var. reversa Jones), Lerodea I'herminier (Latreille), Panoquina ocola (W. H. Edwards). The butterflies of this region that we have not found along this woodland road are: Neonympha areolatus areolatus (Hiib- ner), found a few miles southwest; A^. a. septentrionalis Davis, a few miles south and southwest; Satyrodes eurydice (Linne), a few miles west; Dione vanillae incarnata Riley, a few miles northeast; Mitoura gryneus (Hiibner), a few miles northwest; Urbanus proteus (Linne), a few miles east; Pholisora hay- hurstii (W. H. Edwards), a couple of miles south; Erynnis martialis (Scudder), a few miles south; Poanes viator (W. H. Edwards), a few miles northwest; Atrytone dukesi Lindsey, gum swamp at North Landing; Lerodea, eufala (W. H. Ed- wards), within a mile, in open fields; Calpodes ethlius (Cramer), a pest on canna in Suffolk in 1937. Some of these undoubtedly occur along the woodland road from time to time, but others live in specialized habitats from which they do not stray. Still other species have been recorded from this region, but have not been found by us. Mr. Frank Morton Jones deserves the credit for first having 1, '39] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS called attention to this region, he having collected along the lumber railway. Mr. Ernest L. Bell was the next visitor. On two days last June we had the pleasure of visiting the wood road in company with Professor and Mrs. Charles T. Brues and Miss Alice Brues, and Mr. and Mrs. E. L. Bell. Others who have collected in this locality are Dr. G. W. Rawson of Detroit, Mr. W. Herbert Wagner of Washington, and Mr. John Boyd of Southern Pines, N. C. All of these have been so very kind as to send us their records. A Bibliography of Keys for the Identification of Immature Insects. Part I. Diptera. By WM. P. HAYES, University of Illinois. (Continued from Vol. XLIX, page 251.) SlMULIIDAE. EDWARDS, F. W. 1920. On the British species of Simulium II. The early stages ; with corrections and additions to Part I. Bull. Ent. Res., 11:211-246. (Key to species of larvae and pupae, pp. 219-223.) ID. 1934. The Simuliidae (Diptera) of Java and Sumatra. Archiv. Hydrobiol, Band 13, Suppl. Heft. 1, pp. 92-138. (Lar- val and pupal keys to species, pp. 101-103.) EMERY, W. T. 1913. The morphology and biology of Simulium vittatum and its distribution in Kansas. Kansas Univ. Sci. BuL, 8:323-362. (Keys to larvae and pupae, pp. 350-351.) JOHANNSEN, O. A. 1903. [Simuliidae of the United States.] N. Y. State Mus. Bui. 68, pp. 336-388. (Key to larvae and pupae, pp. 353-354.) LUTZ, A. 1910. Segunda contribuicao para o conhecimento das especies brazileiras do genero Simulium. Mem. Inst. Os- waldo Cruz. 2:213-267. (Key to pupae of Brazilian species in Spanish and German, pp. 263-267.) MALLOCH, J. R. 1914. American black-flies or buffalo-gnats. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. Tech. Bull. 26. (Table of larvae, p. 14, table of pupae, p. 15.) PURI, I. M. 1925. On the life history and structure of the early stages of Simuliidae (Diptera). Parts I and II. Para- sltology, Vol. 17, Pt. I, pp. 295-334, Pt. II, pp. 335-369. (In part II, key to full grown British larvae and pupae, pp. 334- 337.) 6 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Jan., '39 TWINN, C. R. 1936. The black-flies of eastern Canada (Simuliidae, Diptera). Canad. Jour. Res. 14; Sec. D., pp. 97- 130 and pp. 131-150. (Key to pupae.) CHIRONOMIDAE. SPARCH, R. 1922. Bietrage zur Kenntnis der Chironomiden- metamorphose. I-IV. Part I. Kronologische Ubersicht der bisher veroffentlichten Litteratur iiber Chironomidenlarven und Chironomidenmetamorphose. Ent. Mcddcl. 14:32-109. (This has no keys but should be consulted by anyone interested in the life stages of this family, a chronological history and good bibliography). JOHANNSEN, O. A. 1905. Mayflies and midges of New York. N. Y. State Mus. Bull. 86: 76-331. (Keys to species of larvae and pupae, pp. 87-88.) ID. 1937. Aquatic Diptera, Part III. Chironomidae : Sub- families Tanypodinae, Diamesinae, and Orthocladiinae. Cornell Agr. Ex p. Sta. Mem. 205, pp. 1-84, 18 pi. KARNY, H. H. 1934. Biologic der Wasserinsekten. Fritz Wagner, Wien, 311 pp. (Key to genera and species of Tendi- pedidae-Chironomidae, pp. 208-213.) KRUGER, F. 1938. Tanytarsus-studien I. Die subsectio Atanytarsus. Zugle ; ch variationsstatistiche Untersuchungen zuni Problem der Artbildung bei Chironomiden. Arch. Hydro- bioL 33:208-256. (Key species of larvae of Cladotanytarsus, pp. 221-222.) LENZ, F. 1921. Chironomidenpuppen und Larven. Bestim- mungstabellen. Deutsche Ent. Zeit., 1921, pp. 148-162. (Keys to larvae and pupae.) MALLOCH, J. R. 1915. Chironomidae or midges of Illinois, etc. Bull. III. State Lab. Nat. Hist., 10:275-543. (Keys to larvae and pupae, pp. 364-366 and 401-410.) ID. 1917. Preliminary classification of Diptera, etc. Part I. (Part II was never published.) Bull. ///. State Lab. Nat. Hist., 12: 161-409. (Keys to subfamily, genera and species of larvae and pupae, p. 286-290.) THIENEMANN, A. 1908. Uber die Bestimmung der Chiro- nomidenlarven und Puppen. Zool. Anz. 33:753-756. (Key to genera of larvae and pupae, pp. 754-756.) ID. 1914-1921. Vorarbeiten fur eine Monographic der Chironomiden-Metamorphose. Archiv. Hydrobiol. Suppl. Band II. 850 pp. This work, edited by Thienemann, contains the following papers by various authors which contain keys to Chironomidae . BAUSE, E. 1914. Die Metamorphose der Gattung Tanytarsus 1, '39] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS und einiger verwanter Tenipediden-arten. pp. 1-128. (Lar- val key to species, pp. 42-46, pupal key to species, pp. 8S 53.) GRIPEKOVEN, H. 1914. Minierende Tendipediden. pp. 129-230. (Various keys to larvae and pupae of these leaf -mining Chironomids.) POTTHAST, A. 1915. Uber die Metamorphose der Ortho- cladius-Gruppe. pp. 243-376. (Key to species of larvae and pupae, pp. 252-257.) REITH, J. T. 1915. Die Metamorphose der Culicoiden (Cera- topoginen). Pp. 377-442. (Various keys to larvae and pupae.) THIENEMANN, A. 1921. Metamorphose der Tanypinen. Part I, pp. 566-654; Part II, pp. 655-784. (Keys to larvae and pupae, pp. 667-674; see also tables after p. 644.) ID. 1921. Die Metamorphose der Chironomidengattungen Camptocladius, Dyscamptocladius und Phaenocladius mit Bemerkungen uber die Artdifferenzierung bei den Chiro- nomiden uberhaiipt. Pp. 809-850. (Various keys to larvae and pupae of these genera.) THIENEMANN, A. 1924. Uber die Chironomidengattung Lundstromia nebst einer Bestimmungstabelle fiir die Larven und Puppen der Sectio Tanytarsus. Zool. Anz. 58:331-345. (Key to genera and species of larvae and pupae, pp. 331-345.) ID. 1928. Chironomiden-Metamorphosen I. Archiv. Hydro- biol. 19: 585-623. (Various keys to larvae and pupae of Cera- topogininae.) ID. 1929. Chironomiden Metamorphosen II-Die Sectio Tanytarsus genuinus. Archiv. Hydrobiol. 20:93-123. (Vari- ous keys to larvae and pupae of this group.) ID. 1934. Chironomiden-Metamorphosen III. Zur metamor- phose der Orthocladiariae. Dent. Ent. Zeit. for 1933, p. 1-38. (Various keys to larvae and pupae.) ID. 1935. Chironomiden-Metamorphosen. X. Orthocladius- Dactylocladius (Diptera). Stettin. Ent. Ztg. 96:201-224. ID. 1935. Chironomiden-Metamorphosen XII. Deutsche. Ent. Zeit. Jahrgang 1935 Heft, 1 and 2, p. 86-96. (Pupal key to sp. of Brill a, p. 94.) ID. 1936. Chironomiden-Metamorphosen XI. Die Gattung Eukiefferiella. Stett. Ent. Zeit. 97: 43-65. (Larval key pp. 45- 47 and pupal key pp. 48-50.) ID. 1936. Chironomiden-Metamorphosen XIII (Diptera). Die Gattung Dyscamptocladius Thien. Mitt, der Dent. Ent. Gesell. E. V. 7:49-54. (Key to species of larvae and pupae, pp. 50-52.) 8 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Jan., '39 ID. 1937. Chironomiden aus Lapland. III. Beschreibung neuer Metamorphosen, mit einer Bestimmungstabelle der bisher bekannten Metriocnemuslarven und-puppen. Stett. Ent. Zeit., 98:165-185. (Larval and pupal keys to species of Metrioc- nemus.) THIENEMANN, A. and O. HARNISCH, 1932. Chironomiden Metamorphosen IV. Die Gattung Cricotopus. Zool. Am:. 99: 133-143. (Keys to a few genera included in the Cricotopus group. ) THIENEMANN, A. and K. MAYER. 1933. Chironomiden Metamorphosen VI. Zool. Anz., 103: 1-12. Larval and pupal keys to species of the Diamesa group, pp. 9-12.) ZARVEL, J. 1928. Die Jugendstadien der Tribus Corynoneu- rariae. Archiv. Hydroblol. 19:651-665. (Keys to larvae and pupae of genera and species, pp. 662-665.) ID. 1933. Larven und Puppen der Tanypodin von Sumatra und Java. Archiv. Hydrobiol, Suppl. Band 11, pp. 604-624. ID. 1934. Tanytarsus larven und puppen aus Niederlandisch- Indien. Archiv. Hydrobiol., Suppl. Band 13. Heft 1. Pp. 139- 165. (Contains various keys to species of larvae and pupae.) CERATOPOGONIDAE. KARNY, H. H. 1934. Biologic der Wasserinsekten. Fritz Wagner, Wien, 311 pp. (Key to genera, pp. 207-208.) KIEFFER, J. J. 1901. Zur Kenntniss der Certopogon-larven. Algm. Zeit. Ent., 6: 216-220. (Key to species, pp. 216-217.) LENZ, F. 1934. Die Metamorphose der Heleidae. In : Die Fliegen der Palaerktischen Region by E. Lindner. Lief. 78: 95-128. (Key to genera of larvae and pupa, pp. 98-99; and various keys to species.) MALLOCH, J. R. 1915. Chironomidae, or midges of Illinois. Bull III. State Nat. Hist. Surv., Vol 10, pp. 275-543. (See also Malloch, 1917, in general list.) MAYER, K. 1934. Ceratopogoniden-Metamorphosen (C. in- ter mediae and C. vermiformes) der Deutschen Limnologischen Sundra-Expedition. Archiv. Hydrobiol., Suppl. Band 13, Heft 1, pp. 166-202. (Keys to eggs, larvae and pupae of the two groups cited in title, pp. 170-172 and 182-185.) REITH, J. T. 1915. Die Metamorphose der Culicoiden (Cera- topogonien). Archiv. Hydrobiol., Suppl. Band 2, pp. 377-442. (Various keys to larvae and pupae.) THIENEMANN, A. 1928. Chironomiden Metamorphosen I. Archiv. Hydrobiol, 19: 585-623. (Various keys to larvae and pupae.) 1, '39] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS PSYCHODIDAE. HALIDAY, A. H. 1856. Psychodidae. In: Walker, British Diptera, Vol. 3, pp, 253-263. (Key to genera of larvae, p. 25.) HAZEMAN, L. 1907. A monograph of North American Psy- chodidae. Trans. Amcr. Ent. Soc., 33: 299-333. (Key to three European larval genera, p. 325.) MIALL, L. C. and N. WALKER. 1895. The life-history of Pericoma canescens (Psychodidae). Trans. Ent. Soc. Land., for 1895, pp. 141-153. (A reprint of Haliday's key, p. 150.) MUTTKOWSKI, R. A. 1915. New insect life histories I. Bull. Wis. Nat. Hist. Soc., 13: 109-122. (Key to North American larvae, pp. 111-112.) See also: Johannsen, 1934, and Malloch, 1917, in general list. DlXIDAE. GOETGHEBUER, M. 1921. Les Dixidae de Belgique. Bull. Soc. Ent. Belg., 3: 183-188. (Key to larvae; paper not seen.) SMITH, F. K. 1928. Larval characters of the genus Dixa. Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 36: 263-284. (Key to species of larvae.) See also: Johannsen, 1903 and 1934, in general list. CULICIDAE. BRAGA, J. M. 1931. Culicideos de Portugal. Aranjo and Sobrinko, Porto. (Keys to larvae of Culex, pp. 31-32; Aedes, pp. 52-53, and Anopheles, pp. 73-74.) BUXTON, P. A. and G. H. E. HOPKINS. 1925. The early stages of Samoan Mosquitoes. Bull. Ent. Res., 15:295-301. (Key to larvae and pupae, p. 301.) CHRISTOPHERS, S. R. 1933. Culicidae, tribe Anophelini. In: Fauna of British India. Diptera, Vol. 4. (Key to larvae, pp. 84-90; eggs, 90-94.) COOLING, L. E. 1924. Larval stages and biology of the com- moner Australian Mosquitoes. Comm. Aust. Dept. Health Service, Melbourne, Publ. No. 8, pp. 1-40. (Paper not seen.) DYAR, H. G. 1906. Larvae of Culicidae classified as inde- pendent organisms. Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 14: 169-230. (Many keys throughout the work.) ID. 1906. Key to the known larvae of the mosquitoes of the United States. U. S. Dept. Agr. Bur. Ent. Circ., 72: 1-6. ID. 1928. The mosquitoes of the Americas. Carnegie hist. Wash., Pub. 387. 616 pp., 123 pis. (Various keys to larvae, no pupal keys.) EDWARDS, F. W. 1912. Revised keys to the known larvae of African Culicinae. Bull. Ent. Res., 3:373-385. (Key to genera and species, p. 373.) 10 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Jan., '39 ID. 1912. A revision of the mosquitoes of the palaearctic region. Bull. Ent. Res., 12:263-351. (Several keys to larvae of various genera.) ID. 1932. Culicidae. Gen. Ins., Fasc. 194, pp. 1-258. (Vari- ous larval keys to genera of the world.) FELT, E. P. 1904. Mosquitoes or Culicidae of New York State. N. Y. Mus. Bull. 79, Ent. 22, pp. 241-400. (Larval key, p. 279.) Fox, C. 1925. Insects and disease of man. Blakiston's Son and Co., Phila., 349 pp. (Keys to larvae from Howard, Dyar, and Knab, pp. 28, 30, and 32.) GRUNBERG, K. 1910. [Genera of German Culicidae.] In: Brancr, Susswasserfauna Deutschlands, Heft 2A. 312 pp. Fischer, Jena. (Key to larval genera, p. 80.) HEADLEE, T. J. 1921. Mosquitoes of New Jersey. N. J. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bull. 348, 229 pp. (Key to larvae, pp. 20-23; "eye and hand lens key" to larvae, p. 30.) HEGNER, R., F. M. ROOT, and D. L. AUGUSTINE. 1929. Ani- mal parasitology with special reference to man and domesti- cated animals. Century Biol. Series, Century Co., N. Y., 731 pp. (Larval key to tribes, p. 482; Anopheles, p. 497; various genera, p. 520 and p. 522.) HERMS, W. B. 1923. Medical and veterinary entomology. 2nd ed., 462 pp. Macmillan Co., N. Y. (Larval keys to Ano- pheles from Howard, Dyar and Knab, p. 126.) HOPKINS, G. H. E. 1936. Mosquitoes of the Ethiopian region I. Larval bionomics of mosquitoes and taxonomy of culicine larvae. London. (British Museum.) 1936, 250 pp. (Various larval keys to species.) ' HOWARD, L. O., H. G. DYAR and F. KNAB. 1914-1917. The mosquitoes of North and Central America and the West Indies. 4 Vols., Carnegie Inst., Wash., D. C. (Various larval keys in Vols. 2 and 3.) INGRAM, A. and J. W. S. MACFIE. 1917. Notes on some dis- tinctive points in the pupae of West African mosquitoes. Bull. Ent. Res., 8: 73-91. (Keys to species of pupae.) JAMES, S. P. and W. G. LISTON. 1911. A monograph of the anopheline mosquitoes of India. Thacker, Spink & Co., Cal- cutta, 128 pp. (Key to genera and species of larvae, pp. 50-58.) JOIIANNSEN, O. A. 1903. Culicidae. In: N. Y. St. Mus., Bull. 68, pp. 388-429. (Key to genera of larvae and pupae, pp. 391-392; species of Culex, p. 415; Aedes, p. 425; Corethra p. 393.) (To be continued.) 1, '39] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 11 A Synopsis of the Odonata of Alaska. By LEONORA K. GLOYD, Chicago Academy of Sciences, Chicago, Illinois. Until recently most of the specimens of Odonata recorded from Alaska were taken by men whose task was to gather as many objects of natural history as time and facilities permitted, by collectors who were obliged to obtain as many specimens in all orders of insects as possible, or by men in other fields of activity who took time from their own work to capture a few insects for entomological friends. Naturally the Odonata, a group often difficult to catch and to preserve, would not be well represented in such collections. The first dragonflies reported from Alaska (Hagen 1856, 1857 and 1861), representing four species, were taken between 1823 and 1839 in the vicinity of Sitka, Norton Sound and Kenai Island, by some adventurous Russian explorers who skirted the north Pacific coast-line from the Kurile Islands north of Japan to San Francisco, California. Apparently the next specimens taken (Hagen 1875, Walker 1912 and 1925) are from Fort Yukon, collected by W. H. Dall, probably during his survey of The Yukon River in 1867. In 1890 Hagen re- corded another species from Sitka but did not give the date of collection or the name of the collector. In 1894, J. A. Caden- head secured a specimen from Burrough's Bay (Walker, 1912). In 1899 members of the Harriman Alaska Expedition obtained eight species, six of which were new to the known fauna (Cur- rie 1901, 1904) ; later in the same year Rev. S. Hall Young and J. Murray Presnall collected two dragonflies from the in- terior between Mission and Forty-Mile Creeks and at Eagle City (Holland, 1900). In 1908 another species was recorded without data by Martin. Sometime prior to 1917 a species new to the fauna was taken by A. Stecker from the Kuskokwim River (Kennedy 1917 and Walker 1925). Except for a series of specimens of a previously reported species collected in 1917 by J. S. Hine at Katmai (Walker 1925), apparently no more were taken until 1933 when R. R. Sheppard, a student from 12 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Jan., '39 the University of Florida, visited Admiralty Island, securing ten species and adding three to the list (Gloyd 1938). Thus, almost a hundred years of incidental collecting yielded only a total of eighteen species. Then in the summer of 1937 Carsten Ahrens went to Alaska primarily for the purpose of collecting Odonata and, although the season was unusually cold, was suc- cessful not only in finding all but four of the previously re- ported species but also six additional ones (Ahrens 1938). From this review of the literature it is evident that few col- lections have been recorded and that little is known about the distribution of even the most common species in the region. Many of the records are in diverse publications some of which are now difficult of access and it is hoped that the following synopsis and bibliography may facilitate the studies of others and may help to increase interest in the odonate fauna of this far north land. References under each species are given in chronological order and those repeating earlier records are omitted in the list unless they are of taxonomic importance. As much as per- mitted by available data, the earliest and latest dates of collec- tion are also included. LEUCORRHINIA BOREALIS Hagen. Anchorage, Gulkana (Ahrens 19386, p. 227). July 17-27. L. HUDSONICA (Selys). Kukak Bay, Virgin Bay (Prince William Sound) (Currie 1901, pp. 221-222) ; Admiralty Island (Gloyd 1938, p. 199) ; Chitina, Gulkana, Juneau, Ketchikan (Ahrens 19386, p. 226). June 25-August 26. L. PROXIMA Calvert. Anchorage (Ahrens 19386, p. 227). July 22. LIBELLULA QUADRIMACULATA Linne. Fox Point (Currie 1901, p. 221, as Leptetrum quadrimaculata} ; Juneau (Ahrens 19386, p. 226). July 11-26. SYMPETRUM DANAE (Sulzer). Admiralty Island (Gloyd 1938, pp. 198, 199) ; Juneau (Ahrens 19386, p. 226). August 5-21. S. DECISUM (Hagen). Chitina (Ahrens 19386, p. 226). July 28. 1, '39] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 13 CORDULIA SHURTLEFFI Scudder. Kukak Bay, Fox Point (Currie 1901, p. 220) ; Anchorage, Gulkana, Juneau, Palmer *(Ahrens 19386, p. 226) ; Fort Yukon. 1 June 25-July 26. SOMATOCHLORA ALBiciNCTA ( Burmeister ) . Fort Yukon (Hagen 1875, pp. 59-60, as Epitheca albicincta) ; Kodiak, Kukak Bay (Currie 1901, p. 221 ; Walker 1925, p. 172) ; Kat- mai (Walker 1925, p. 173) ; Admiralty Island (Gloyd 1938, p. 199); Anchorage, Juneau, Palmer (Ahrens 1938ft, p. 226). June 25-August 26. S. HUDSONICA (Hagen). Fort Yukon (Walker 1925, p. 180). June 25. S. SAHLBERGI Trybom. Kuskokwim River (Kennedy 1917, pp. 229-236, pi. 13, as walkeri n. sp. ; Walker 1925, pp. 163-167). S. SEMICIRCULARIS (Selys). Admiralty Island (Gloyd 1938, pp. 198, 199); Juneau (Ahrens 1938ft, p. 226). July 11- August 25. AESHNA EREMITA Scudder. 2 Alaska (Martin 1908, p. 37, as clepsydra; Muttkowski 1910, p. Ill); Bethel, Kuskokwim River 3 (Walker 1912, p. 126) ; Admiralty Island (Gloyd 1938, p. 199) ; Anchorage, Chitina, Gulkana, Palmer (Ahrens 1938ft, p. 226). July 19- August 19. AE. INTERRUPTA iNTERRUPTA Walker. Admiralty Island (Gloyd 1938, pp. 198, 199) ; Ketchikan (Ahrens 1938ft, p. 226). July 8-August 19. AE. INTERRUPTA LINEATA Walker. Chitina, Palmer (Ahrens 1938ft, p. 226). July 19-28. AE. JUNCEA (Linne). Kenai Island, Norton Sound (Hagen 1856, pp. 369, 380; 1861, pp. 120-121) ; Kodiak, Unga Island 1 Hagen, 1875, p. 60, says "The specimen from Ft. Yukon, Alaska, quoted as C. Shurtleffi Ball, belongs to a different species," but no other reference to this specimen was found in the literature. However, in 1935, I examined 3d 1 3$, collected June 25 by W. H. Ball at Fort Yukon, of C. shurtle'ffi in the U. S. National Museum. * After the present paper was in type it was noted that Mr. Ahrens in his published list records this locality as "Matanuska Valley." 2 Currie, 1901, lists Aeslwa clepsydra (Say) ( eremite, Walker 1912, p. 119) as previously reported, but from the literature cited by him I found no definite Alaskan record. 3 Recorded as Kuskoquin River by Walker, //. cc. 14 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Jan., '39 (Shumagin Islands), Nushagak River (Currie 1901, pp. 219- 220; Walker 1912, p. 91); Bethel, Kuskokwim River 3 (Walker 1912, p. 91) ; Admiralty Island (Gloyd 1938, p. 199) ; Anchorage, Gulkana, Juneau, Ketchikan, Palmer, Seward, Valdez (Ahrens 1938a, pp. 8-9, 26; 19386, p. 226). July 11- August 25. AE. PALMATA Hagen. Kodiak, Cook Inlet (Currie 1901, pp. 219-220, as constrlcta (Say); Walker 1912, p. 163); Admir- alty* Island (Gloyd 1938, p. 199) ; Juneau, Palmer (Ahrens 19386, p. 225). July 11 -August 21. ' AE. SITCHENSIS Hagen. Sitka (Hagen 1861, pp. 119-120, type description; 18906, pp. 353-355); Burrough's Bay (Walker 1912, p. 83) ; Juneau, Palmer (Ahrens 19386, p. 225). July 19- August 6. ANAX JUNIUS (Drury). Sitka (Hagen 1890a, p. 306); mountains between Mission and Forty-Mile Creeks, Eagle City (Holland 1900, p. 382). July 25-August 3. CORDULEGASTER DORSALis Hagen. Sitka (Hagen 1856, pp. 367, 381 ; in Selys 1857, p. 347, type description; 1861 ; p. 116; 1875; p. 50). AGRION RESOLUTUM Hagen. Anchorage, Gulkana, Palmer (Ahrens 19386, p. 227). July 17-27. ENALLAGMA BOREALE Selys. Cook Inlet, Juneau, Kukak Bay (Currie 1901, pp. 218-219, as cafoerti Morse) ; Admiralty Island (Gloyd 1938, p. 199); Gulkana, Awk Lake (Juneau), Matanuska, Palmer (Ahrens 19386, p. 227). June 29-Au- gust 25. E. CYATHIGERUM (Charpentier) . Sitka (Hagen 1856, pp. 367, 381 ; 1861, p. 87, as Agrion annexum, n. sp.) ; Admiralty Island (Gloyd 1938, p. 200); Awk Lake (Juneau), Palmer (Ahrens 19386, p. 227). July 19-August 26. LESTES DISJUNCTUS Selys. Fox Point (Currie 1901, p. 217, as Lestes sp. ; Muttkowski 1910, p. 37); Admiralty Island (Gloyd 1938, p. 200) ; Anchorage, Gulkana, Juneau, Palmer (Ahrens 19386, p. 227). July 19-August 26. L. DRYAS Kirby (uncatus Kirby). Chitina (Ahrens 1938, p. 227). July 28. 1. '39] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 15 Hagen (1856, p. 381) mentioned Aeshna borealis Zett. (= caendea Strom) from Sitka "von Brandt in Hamburg" but I regard this record as questionable. While it is possible that this may represent A. caerulca scptentrionalis Burm., Hagen's reference is not included in the synonymy of this species by Walker (1912, p. 76) and its occurrence in Alaska has not been verified. BIBLIOGRAPHY. AHRENS, CARSTEN. 193&/. The commonest snakefeeder. The Alaska Sportsman, vol. 4, no. 5, pp. 8-9, 26. ID. 19386. A List of Dragonflies (Odonata) taken in South- ern Alaska. Ent. News, vol. 49, no. 8, pp. 225-227. CURRIE, ROLLA P. 1901. Papers from the Harriman Alaska Expedition. XXII. Entomological Results (14) : The Odonata. Proc. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 3, pp. 217-223. Reprinted in 1904 in Harriman Alaska Expedition, vol. 8, pp. 145-153. GLOYD, LEONORA K. 1938. Notes on some dragonflies (Odo- nata) from Admiralty Island, Alaska. Ent. News, vol. 49, no. 7, pp. 198-200. HAGEN, HERMANN. 1856. Die Odonaten-Fauna des rus- sichen Reichs. Stettin ent. Zeitung., vol. 17, pp. 363-381. ID. 1861. Synopsis of the Neuroptera of North America, with a list of the South American species. Smithsonian Misc. Coll., pp. xx -f 1-347. ID. 1875. Synopsis of the Odonata of North America. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 18, pp. 20-96. ID. 1890a. Synopsis of the Odonata of North America, No. 2. The genus Anax. Psyche, vol. 5, Feb., pp. 303-308. ID. 18906. Two species of Aeschna. Psyche, vol. 5, June, pp. 353-355. HOLLAND, W. T- 1900. Alaska insects. Ent. News, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 381-389. KENNEDY, CLARENCE HAMILTON. 1917. A new species of Somatothlora (Odonata) with notes on the cingulata group. Canadian Entom., vol. 49, pp. 229-236, pi. 13, textfigs. 1-4, 25-47. KIRBY, W. F. 1890. A synonymic catalogue of Neuroptera Odonata or dragonflies, with an appendix of fossil species. London, Gurney and Jackson, pp. x -j- 1-202. MARTIN, RENE. 1906. Collections Zoologiques du Baron Edm. de Selys-Longchamps. Catalogue systematique et de- scriptif. Cordulines. Fasc. 17, pp. 1-98, pis. 1-3. ID. 1908. Ibid. Aeschnines. Fasc. 18, pp. 1-84, pis. 1-2. 16 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Jan., '39 MUTTKOWSKI, RICHARD A. 1910. Catalogue of the Odonata of North America. Bull. Public Mus. Milwaukee, vol. 1, art. 1, pp. 1-207. SELYS-LONGCHAMPS, Baron EDMOND DE (with H. A. Hagen). 1857. Monographic des Gomphines. Separate, pp. viii + 1-460, pis. 1-23. 1858, Mem. Soc. Sci. Liege, vol. 11, pp. 257-720. WALKER, E. M. 1912. The North American dragonflies of the genus Aeshna. Univ. Toronto Studies, Biol. Ser. no. 11, pp. viii -f 1-213, pis. 1-28. ID. 1925. The North American dragonflies of the genus Somatochlora. Univ. Toronto Studies, Biol. Ser. no. 26, pp. 1-202, pis. 1-35. A New Species of Goelus Eschscholtz. (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). By FRANK E. BLAISDELL, SR., Stanford Medical School and Associate in Research, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California. Coelus gracilis new species. Gracilis belongs to the Globosus Group ' which also includes globosus Lee., grossus Csy. (solidus Csy., immature form) and saginatus Csy. ; also the insular species pacificus and remains of Fall. It is the smallest species of the group thus far dis- covered, some specimens scarcely exceeding in size the larger ones of Coelomorpha Csy. that occur in a similar habitat in the vicinity of Ensenada, Lower California, Mexico. All of the species belonging to the tribe Coelini burrow in sand dunes or sandy areas, under vegetation in littoral regions along the Pacific coast. Mainland species of the Globosus Group are known, from the data at hand, to occur only in the vicinity of Ensenada northward to Santa Cruz, California. It is interest- ing to discover a species as far north as Antioch, Contra Costa County, California; the author knows of no record of species belonging to the group under discussion occuring north of Santa Cruz. 1 Blaisdell, Synopsis and review of the species of Coelus. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., XIV, p. 318, 1919. 1, '39] ENTOMOLOCU'AL .\K\VS 17 Form oval to slightly oblong-ovate, small in size and about one-fifth longer than wide. Color nigro-piceous to ferruginous or paler due to immaturity ; antennae and palpi flavo-testaceous, legs more or less piceous. Cilia along sides of body, long, dense, erect and fulvous, with bristling hairs of the same kind on the legs ; hairs not occurring on the anterior pronotal margin and head behind the frontal suture, as in the species of the Ciliatus Group. Head relatively moderate in size, twice as wide as length of an antenna ; epistoma relatively large and more prominent later- ally than the eyes, sides arcuately convergent anteriorly, angles broadly rounded, apical margin moderately deeply sinuate in middle two-fourths, sinus rather evenly arcuate, surface gradu- ally arising from the frontal suture, somewhat convex and more or less impressed within the apical margin lateral to the sinus, rather closely punctate especially toward the sides, punc- tures moderate in size ; frontal suture well marked, straight in middle three-fifths with lateral fifths arcuately attaining the eyes. Frons somewhat convex, broadly flattened in the central area, rather densely punctate, most so laterally and against the suture, punctures slightly larger 'and stronger than on the epi- stoma. Eyes coarsely facetted. Antennae in length equal to one-half the width of the epistoma, last four segments mod- erately compressed and somewhat gradually widened except the last ; first segment not visible from above, second and third obconical, the former slightly larger than the latter, both a little longer than wide, fourth to the seventh inclusive slightly wider at apex and briefly constricted at base, as long as wide ; last four segments forming a feebly defined club, the eighth triangular and as long as wide, ninth and tenth transverse the latter slightly wider, eleventh smaller, narrower and sub- quadrate. Pronotum transverse, slightly more than twice as wide as long and twice as wide as the head; base less than one-half wider than apex, sinuation of the latter broad, moderately deep and rather straight in middle two-fourths, apical angles promi- nent and well rounded, margin beaded ; sides broadly arcuate and moderately convergent anteriorly, margin beaded and con- tinuously so with that of the apex; base transverse, margin thin and coriaceous, angles rather narrowly rounded ; disk mod- erately convex from side to side, almost evenly punctate, punc- tures small, well defined and separated by a distance equal to about three to six times their diameter, larger and denser in the submarginal area, the latter not widely impressed, each 18 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Jan., '39 puncture with a moderately long and more or less semi-erect hair. Sides less than moderately explanate. Surface finely alutaceous. Elytra more or less moderately inflated posteriorly, about one-fifth longer than wide and three times as long as the pro- notum; sides subparallel and moderately arcuate, apex subo- gival ; disk strongly convex from side to side, less so in basal one-third, strongly so and arcuately declivous apically, surface moderately closely punctate, punctures separated by a distance equal to two to four times their diameter, smaller and quite simple in the central area, becoming a little larger and feebly muricate laterally and apically ; each puncture with a fine sub- recumbent, short hair which becomes coarser at the periphery. Measurements. (Types) Male: length 5 mm.; width 3 mm. Female : length 7 mm. ; width 4 mm. Holotype, female, no. 4698, and allotypc, male, no. 4699, in the collection of Dr. E. C. Van Dyke, Museum of the Cali- fornia Academy of Sciences ; collected at Antioch, Contra Costa County, CALIFORNIA, April 24, 1938, by Dr. Van Dyke. Thirty-four paratypes with same data ; two are to be placed in the collection of the American Entomological Society, Phila- delphia. Largest specimen measures : Length 7 mm., width 4 mm. ; smallest : length 4.5 mm., width 2.5 mm. The author has figured the genitalia of Coclus ciliatits Esch.,- genotype of the genus. 3 Those of gracilis are of the same phylogenetic type, but show some specific differences. The aedeaga 4 of the female is testaceous in color and feebly chitin- ized, the lateral plates have a few very fine punctures, each with a long fine erect seta, none have been observed on the dorsal and ventral plates in the specimens examined. Gracilis is to be recognized by its small size, smooth integu- ment, fine and nearly simple punctation and with a facies some- what like that of a small Eusattus dubius Lee. ; the sides of the pronotum are but feebly explanate. 2 Synopsis and review of the species of Coelus. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xiv, p. 318, 1919, pi. xxxii. 3 Eschscholtz, Zool. Atlas, Heft iii, p. 5, pi. 14, fig. i, 1829. 4 In Transactions of the American Entomological Society 59, p. 223, I have proposed "that the term aedeaga be applied to the combination of sclerites in the female sexual segment." 1. '39] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 19 A New Holopyga from the Western United States (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae). By WM. G. BODENSTEIN, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. In a recent loan of Chrysididae from the United States National Museum there is a large series of the following new species of Holopyga. Holopyga taylori*, new species. Head : In anterior aspect transverse, oval ; in dorsal aspect slightly wider and about as long as the pronotum. Vertex with shallow, well-spaced punctures becoming very fine and widely spaced on the occiput. Facial basin with a moderate vertical depression, polished, and with traces of transverse striations ; punctured at the sides similarly to the vertex. Clypeus elevated between the antennae, with a few very fine punctures. Mand- ibles with three teeth. Antennae with the second joint of the fiagelluui slightly longer than the fourth. Thorax : Prothorax punctured similarly to the occiput, the fine punctures interspersed with large, shallow, almost obsolete punctures ; the punctuation not much heavier at the sides than on the disc. Mesothorax with very fine, well-separated punc- tures, becoming close and dense at the anterior ends of the parapsidal sutures ; the punctures becoming sparser toward the posterior end of the segment. Mesopleurae with the punctua- tion indistinct and with traces of fine striations. Scutellum smooth and polished with some traces of obsolete punctures. Postscutellum reticulately punctured on the disc with a small, oblique, rectangular area on each side which is transversely striated. Propodeum reticulately punctured; oblique foveolae roughly triangular in shape with the broad base of the triangle at right angles to the lateral angles of the propodeum : about in the middle of the base of the triangle there is a low, blunt projection. Between the foveolae is a rugose, almost striate area below which there is a vertical ridge. Lateral angles of the propodeum short and acute. Tegulae dark brown, smooth and polished. Wings with the discoidal cells completely lack- ing; not infuscated. Claws with two inner teeth. Abdomen: In dorsal aspect the abdomen is egg-shaped, about three-quarters as wide as long; all segments are of about equal length on the median line. First segment with fine * I name this species for Dr. Leland H. Taylor whose notes and material OH the Chrysididae have been of inestimable value to me. 20 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Jan., '39 punctures and fine transverse striations, impunctate in the center of the anterior border. Second and third segments punctured as the first, the punctures becoming a little closer together posteriorly. Third abdominal segment truncate at the apex, the truncate portion roughly about one-third the width of the segment at the base. Apical margin very thin, not mem- branous and not turned under. Color: Blackish-bronze in color with blue and green reflec- tions on sides of thorax and abdomen. Tibiae and tarsi light brown. Female : The female differs from the male as follows : vertex and occiput evenly puctured with fine punctures, slightly larger than those of the male. Facial basin with the transverse striations more distinct. Thorax more evenly punctured; mesopleurae with more distinct punctures. Scutellum more distinctly punctured at the sides. Punctures of the propodeum continued evenly between the oblique foveolae. Abdomen not as heavily punctured, the transverse striations very faint. Face metallic blueish-green in color. Length: 2-3.5 mm. Type. - - $ ; Hollister, Twin Falls County, IDAHO. August 7, 1930. (Plot 3a.) [United States National Museum.] Allotype. 9 . The same locality, August 21, 1930. (Outside.) [United States National Museum.] Paratypes. -- Seventeen males, twenty females, as follows: IDAHO: 45 ; 1 $ ; Hollister, Twin Falls County; June 13 to July 24, 1931; (D. E. Fox; on Sophia sophia and Salsola pcstifera) ; 2$ ; August 13, 1929; 5 9 ; August 7. 1930; 1 9 ; July 30, 1929; (F. B. Hinnenkamp; on Salsola parvi flora). 2$ ; Adelaide, July 25, 1928; (on Sophia- sophia); and 1$ ; September 14, 1929; on (Salsola pcstifera) ; and 19 ; July 21, 1927; (on Salsola filipcs). 29 ; Burley, June 16, 1931; also August 7, 1929; (on Salsola pcstifera, at edge of cultivated area). 1 $ ; Castelford, June 28, 1928; (on Sophia sophia); and 1 9 ; August 25, 1927; (on Atrlplex rosea). 1 9 ; Berger; September 5, 1930; (on Salsola pcstifcra). 1 ''39 A New Species of Aphodius from New Jersey (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). By MARK ROBINSON, 1533 So. 56th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Aphodius odocoilis, n. sp. 1930. ApJwdius crassulus Sim (not Horn, 1870), Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., XXXVIII, p. 142. This is the species mentioned by Sim as being crassnlus Horn but the concave elytral intervals will serve to distinguish this species from crassiilus and allied species. Robust, very convex, sides parallel, piceous, shining. Head tuberculato-rugose in front, punctate posteriorly with barely a trace of tubercules. Clypeus emarginate with distinct denticles on each side. Prothorax slightly wider than long, sides parallel, with the hind angles obtusely rounded, basal marginal line distinct. Rather sparsely punctured at the middle the punctures becom- ing denser laterally, the punctures are moderately deep with a few finer punctures intermixed. Elytra parallel. Striae sparsely, crenately, punctured. Inter- vals distictly concave at base gradually flattening towards apex, finely and sparsely punctured. Humeri denticulate. Anterior tibiae smooth in front, finely crenulate above the third tooth. First joint of hind tarsi equal to next three. Length, 2.7 to 3.7 mm.; Breadth, 1.4 to 2.0 mm. Type.--Mt. Misery, NEW JERSEY, March 22, 1937 (Mark Robinson). In author's collection. Paratypcs. --30, Mt. Misery, N. J., various dates between March 22, 1937 and June 6, 1938 (Mark Robinson). Mt. Misery, N. J., March 27, 1938 (L. J. Bottimer). Mt. Misery, N. J., May 30, 1938 (L. W. Saylor). Ballingers Mill, N. j., June 3 and 11, 1929 (R. J. Sim) Sim and Wenzel. Paratypes have been deposited in the collection of the follow- ing: Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Museum of Comparative Zoology, U. S. National Museum, American Museum of Natural History, H. C. Fall, C. A. Frost, L. W. Saylor, R. C. Casselberryi, O. L. Cartwright and L. J. Bottimer. This species has been taken only in deer and rabbit excrement. List of Titles of Publications Referred to by Numbers in Entomological Literature in Entomological News. 1. Transactions of The American Entomological Society. Philadelphia. 2. Entomologische Blatter, red. v. H. Eckstein etc. Berlin. 3. Annales Sci. Naturelles, Zoologie, Paris. 4. Canadian Entomologist. London, Canada. 5. Pysche, A Journal of Entomology. Boston, Mass. 6. Journal of the New York Entomological Society. New York. 7. Annals of the Entomological Society of America. Columbus, Ohio. 8. Entomologists' Monthly Magazine. London. 9. The Entomologist. London. 10. Proceedings of the Ent. Soc. of Washington. Washington, D. C. 11. Deutsche entomologische Zeitschrift. Berlin. 12. Journal of Economic Entomology, Geneva, N. Y. 13. Journal of Entomology and Zoology. Claremont, Cal. 14. Archives do Institute Biologico, Sao Paulo. 15. Annales Academia Brasileira de Sciencias. Rio de Janeiro. 17. Entomologische Rundschau. Stuttgart, Germany. 18. Entomologische Zeitschrift. Frankfurt-M. 19. Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society. Brooklyn, N. Y. 20. Societas entomologica. Stuttgart, Germany. 21. The Entomologists' Record and Journal of Variation. London. 22. Bulletin of Entomological Research. London. 23. Bollettino del Lab. di Zool. gen. e agraria della Portici. Italy. 24. Annales de la societe entomologique de France. Paris. 25. Bulletin de la societe entomologique de France. Paris. 27. Bolletino della Societa Entomologica Italiana. Geneva. 28. Ent. Tidskrift utgifen af Ent. Foreningen i Stockholm. Sweden. 29. Annual Report of the Ent. Society of Ontario. Toronto, Canada. 30. Archives do Institute de Biologia Vegetal, R. d. Janeiro. 31. Nature. London. 32. Boletim do Museu Nacional do Rio de Janiero. Brazil. 33. Bull, et Annales de la Societe entomologique de Belgique. Bruxelles. 34. Zoologischer Anzeiger, hrsg. v. E. Korschelt. Leipzig. 35. The Annals of Applied Biology. Cambridge, England. 36. Trans. Royal Entomological Society, London. England. 37. Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society. Honolulu. 38. Bull, of the Southern California Academy of Sciences. Los Angeles. 39. The Florida Entomologist. Gainesville, Fla. 40. American Museum Novitates. New York. 41. Mitteilungen der schweiz. ent. Gesellschaft. Schaffhausen, Switzerland. 42. The Journal of Experimental Zoology. Philadelphia. 43. Ohio Journal of Sciences. Columbus, Ohio. 44. Revista chilena de historia natural. Valparaiso, Chile. 45. Zeitschrift fur wissenschaftliche Tnsektenbiologie. Berlin. 46. Zeitschrift fiir Morphologic und Okologie der Tiere. Berlin. 47. Journal of Agricultural Research. Washington, D. C. 49. Entomologische Mitteilungen. Berlin. 50. Proceedings of the U. S. National Museum. Washington, D. C. 51. Notulae entomologicae, ed. Soc. ent. Helsingfors. Helsingfors, Finland. 52. Archiv fiir NaturgescViichte, hrsg. v. E. Strand. Berlin. 53. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science. London. 54. Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Comparee. Paris. 55. Pan-Pacific Entomologist. San Francisco, Cal. 56. "Konowia". Zeit. fur systematische Insektenkunde. Wien, Austria. 57. La Feuille des Naturalistes. Paris. 58. Entomologische Berichten. Nederlandsche ent. Ver. Amsterdam. 59. Encyclopedic entomologique, ed. P. Lechevalier. Paris. 60. Stettiner entomologische Zeitung. Stettin, Germany. 61. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences. San Francisco. 62. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. New York. 63. Deutsche entomologische Zeitschrift "Iris". Dresden. 64. Zeitschrift des osterr. entomologen-Vereines. Wien. 65. Zeitschrift fiir angewandte Entomologie, hrsg. K. Eschench. Berlin. 66. Report of the Proceedings of the Entomological Meeting. Pusa^, India. 67. University of California Publications, Entomology. Berkeley, Cal. 68. Science. New York. 69. Physis. Revista Soc. Argentina Cien. Nat. Buenos Aires. 70. Entomologica Americana, Brooklyn Entomological Society. Brooklyn. 71. Novitates Zoologicae. Tring, England. 72. Revue russe d'Entomologie. Leningrad, USSR. 73. Mem. Institute Butantan. Sao Paulo, Brazil. 74. Sbornik entomolog. narodniho musea v Praze. Prague, Czechoslovakia. 75. Annals and Magazine of Natural History. London. _ 77. Comptes rendus heb. des seances et memo, de la soc. de biologic. Pans. 78. Bulletin Biologique de la France et de la Belgique. Paris. 79. Koleopterologische Rundschau. Wien. 80. Lepidopterologische Rundschau, hrsg. Adolf Hoffmann. Wien. 82. Bulletin, Division of the Natural History Survey. Urbana, Illinois. 83. Arkiv for zoologie, K. Svenska Vetenskapsakademien i. Stockholm. 84. Ecology. Brooklyn. 85. Genetics. Princeton, New Jersey. 87. Archiv fiir Entwicklungs mechanik der Organ., hrsg. v. Roux. Leipzig. 88. Die Naturwissenschaften, hrsg. A. Berliner. Berlin. 89. Zoologische Jahrbiicher, hrsg. v. Spengel. Jena, Germany. 90. The American Naturalist. Garrison-on-Hucjson, New York. 91. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences. Washington, D. C. 92. Biological Bulletin. Wood's Hole, Massachusetts. 93. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. England. 94. Zeitschrift fiir wissenschaftliche Zoologie. Leipzig. 95. Proceedings of the Biological Soc. of Washington, Washington, D. C. 97. Biologisches Zentralblatt. Leipzig. 98. Le Naturaliste Canadien. Cap Rouge, Chicoutimi, Quebec. 99. Melanges exotico-entomologiques, Par Maurice Pic. Moulins, France. 100. Bulletin Intern., Acad. Polonai c e Sci. et Lett. Cracovie. 101. Tijdschrift voor entomologie. Nederland. Ent. Ver., Amsterdam. 102. Entomologiske Meddelelser, Entomologisk Forening, Copenhagen. 103. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society. Lawrence, Kansas 104. Revista de la Sociedad entomologica Argentina, Buenos Aires. 105. Revista Entomologia, Sao Paulo, Brazil. 106. Anales Sociedad Cientifica Argentina, Buenos Aires. 107. Proc., Royal Entomological Society, London. 108. Revista, Col. Nac. Vicente Rocafuerte, Guayaquil. 109. Arbeiten uber morpholog. und taxonom. ent. aus Berlin-Dahlem. 110. Arbeiten ueber phvsiolog. u. angewandte ent. aus Berlin-Dahlem. 111. Memorias do Institute Oswaldo Cruz. Rio de Janeiro. 112. Anales del Institute de Rinlopia Mexico. 113. Entomologische Beihefte aus Berlin Dahlem. 114. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology. University of Michigan. 115. Memorias de la Soc. Cubana de Hist. Nat. Havana, Cuba. 116. Parasitology. Ed. Keilin and Hindle. London. 1, '39] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 25 Current Entomological Literature COMPILED BY V. S. L. PATE. LAURA S. MACKEY nd E. T. CRESSOIt. )*. Under the above head it is intended to note papers received at the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia pertaining to the En- tomology of the Americas (North and South), including Arachnida and Myriopoda. Articles irrelevant to American entomology will not be noted; but contributions to anatomy, physiology and embryology of Insects, however, whether relating to American or exotic species will be recorded. This list gives references of the current or preceding year unless other- wise noted. All continued papers, with few exceptions, are recorded only at their first installment. For records of Economic Literature, see the Experiment Station Rec- ord, Office of Experiment Stations, Washington. Also Review of Applied Entomology, Series A, London. For records of papers on Medical Ento- mology, see Review of Applied Entomology, Series B. Note. References to papers containing new forms or names not so etatod In titles are followed by (*); if containing keys are followed by (k); papers pertaining exclusively to neotropical species, and not so Indicated In the title, have the symbol (S) at the end of the title of the paper. The figures within brackets [ ] refer to the Journal In which the paper appeared, as numbered in the list of Periodicals and Serials published in our January and June issues. This list may be secured from the pub- lisher of Entomological News for lOc. The number of, or annual volume, and In some cases the part, heft, &c., the latter within ( ) follows; then the pagination follows the colon : Papers published In the Entomological News are not listed. GENERAL. Anduze, P.--Viaje por el Oriente de Venezuela. [Bol. Soc. Venezolana Cien. Nat.] 4: 282-307, ill. Cresson, E. T.-- Centenary, by S. R. Raganathan. [Current Sci., Calcutta] 6: 929-930. Darlington, P. J. - Was there an Archatlantis? [90] 72: 521-533, ill. Eddy, B. Insect zoo as a wildlife conservation project. [68] 88: 215-216. Jones, Weber & Dowden. Effectiveness of im- ported insect enemies of the satin moth. [U. S. D. A. Circ.] no. 459; 24 pp., ill. Martin, C. H. Effect of sunlight and of location of logs on the beetle infestations of elm logs. [19] 33: 195-203, ill. Phelps, W. H.--La expedicion del American Museum of Natural History at Monte Auyan- tcpuy. [Bol. Soc. Venezolana Cienc. Nat.] 4: 251-265', ill. Portevin, G. Ce Qu'il Faut Savoir des Insectes. 188 pp., ill. Lechevalier, Paris. Rothschild, Lord. In memory of, by K. Jordan. [71] 41: 1-41, ill. Uvarov, B. P. Fourth International Locust Conference. [31] 142: 174-175. ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY, ETC. Anonymous. - Female wasp fixes sex of hatch from her eggs. [J. Tenn. Acad. Sci.] 13: 247. Carpenter & Eltringham. --Audible emission of defensive froth by insects ; with an appendix on the anatomical structures concerned in a moth. [93] 108A: 243-252, ill. Chauvin, B. Morphologic et pigmenta- tion externes de Schistocerca gregaria (transiens dissoc- ians). [Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afr. Nord.] 29: 249-267, ill. 26 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Jan., '39 Eggers & Gohrbanat. Hypogymna morio ein Sonderfall in der Desetzmassigkeit phyletischer Korrelationen? [89] Abt. Syst. 71 : 264-276, ill. Grandjean, F. Remarques sur la terminologie des divisions du corps chez les Acariens. [Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat., Paris] 9: 373-378. Grasse & Lesperon. Notes histologiques et l3iologiques sur un larve de Coleoptere Termitophile, Troctonotus silvestrii, n. sp. [Arch. Zool. Exp. Gen., Paris] 79: 463-486, ill. Hadorn, E. Die degeneration der Imaginalscheiben bei letalen Droso- phila-larven der Mutation "lethal-giant." [Rev. Suisse Zool.] 45: 425-429, ill. Hennig, W. Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Kopulationsapparates und der Systematik der Acalyptr- aten. [109] 5: 201-213, ill. Hurlbut^ H. S. A study of the larval chaetotaxy of Anopheles walkeri (Culicidae)." [Amer. J. Hygiene] 28: 149-173, ill. von Lengerken, H. Bezie- hungen zwischen der Ernahrungsweise und der gestaltung der mandibeln bei den larven der Silphini ('Coleo.). [34] 122: 171-175, ill. Lison, L. Le systeme malpighiens de Araeocerus fasciculatus (Coleo: Phytophaga). [Ann. Soc. R. Zool. Belg.] 68: 103-120, ill. Lutz, F. E. The insect glee club at the microphone. [Natural History] 42: 338-345, ill. Mahler, H. Histologische untersuchungen uber die spinndrusen einiger spinnen. [46] 34: 439-498, ill. Orosi- Pal, F. Studien uber die Bienenlaus (Braula caeca, Dipt.). [Zeitschr. Parasitenk.] 10: 221-238, ill. Paulian, R. Con- tribution a 1'etude quantitative de la regeneration chez les Arthropodes. [93] 108A: 297-383, ill. Rait, W. L.--A study of the growth of the fore wing-sheaths in Eusthenia spectabilis (Plecop.) [Trans. & Proc. R. Soc. So. Australia] 61 : 63-73. Further remarks on terminology relation to the growth of the fore wing-sheath in the larva of Eusthenia spectabilis (Plecop.). [Trans. & Proc. R. Soc. So. Aus- tralia] 61: 158. Rivnay, E. Moisture as the factor affect- ing wing development in the citrus aphis, Toxopter* aurantii. [22] 28: 173-179. Rosenthal, H.--Azione delle temperature elevate sui vari stadi di sviluppo di Dermestes vulpinus (Coleo.). [Boll. Zool.] 9: 37-39. Sen, P. On the biology and morphology of Rhabdophaga saliciperda (Dipt: Cecidomyid.), a common pest of willows. [89] Abt. Anat. 65: 1-36, ill. On the structure (anatomical and histolog- ical) of the full grown larva of Rhabdophaga saliciperda (Dipt: Cecidomyid.). [89] Abt. Anat. 65: 37-62, ill. Smreczynski, S. Entwicklungsmechanische Untersuch- ungen am Ei des Kafers Agelastica alni. [89] Abt. All. Zool. 1, '39] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 27 59: 1-59, ill. Subkleir, W. --Zur morphologic der larven von Melolontha hippocostani (Scarab.). [52] 7: 270-304, ill. Tazelaar, M. Some studies on regeneration and relative growth of limbs in mayfly larvae. [93] 108A : 257-265, ill. Thomsen, E. Uber den Kreislauf im flugel der Musciden mit besonderer berucksichtigung der akzessorischen pulsi- erenden organe. [46] 34: 416-438, ill. Tischler, W. Zur Okologie der wichtigsten in Deutschland an Getreide schadlichen Pentatomiden. [46] 34: 317-366, ill. Wiggles- worth, V. B. "Climbing organs" in insects. [31] 141: 974-975. ARACHNIDA AND MYRIOPODA. Berland, L. Les Araignees.. [Livr. Nat. no. 43] xii -f- 173 pp., Deiamair et Bontelleau, Paris. Bristow, W. S. The classification of Spiders. [93] 108B : 285-321, ill. (k). Everly, R. T. See under Coleoptera. Grandjean, F. Observations sur les Acariens. [Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat., Paris] 10: 64-71, ill. Jacot, A. P. Four new Arthropods from New England. [Amer. Midi. Nat.] 20: 571-574, ill. Kaston, B. J. New spiders from New England with notes on other spp. [19] 33: 173-191, ill. North American spiders of the gen. Agroeca. [Amer. Midi. Nat.] 20: 571-74, ill. (k*). de Toledo Piza, S. Novas especies de Aranhas myrmecomorphas do Brasil e consideracoes sobre o seu mimetismo. [Rev. Mus. Paulista] 23: 309-319, ill. THE SMALLER ORDERS OF INSECTS. Carpenter, F. M.--Two Carboniferous insects from the vicinity of Mazon Creek, Illinois (Palaeodictyoptera and Protorth- optera). [Amer. J. Sci.] 36: 445-452, ill., (*). Clay, T.- A revision of the genn. and spp. of Mallophaga occurring on Gallinaceous birds. Pt. I. Lipeurus and related genn. [93] 10SB: 109-204, ill., (k*). Clay & Rothschild. Ecto- parasites from captive birds. [71] 41: 61-73. Gloyd, L. K. A n. sp. of the gen. Libellula from Yucatan. [114] no. 337: 1-4, ill. Guimares & Lane. Contribucoes para o con- hecimento das Mallophagas das aves do Brasil. VI. Novas especies parasitas de Tinamiformes. [Rev. Mus. Paulista] 23: 1-22, ill. von Hagen, W. Contribution to the biology of Nasutitermes (s. S.) (Isoptera). [93] 108A: 39-49, ill., (S). Jacot, A. P.-- See under Arachnida. Keler, S. - Baustoffe zu einer monographic der Mallophagen. 1.- Ueberfam. Trichodectoidea. [N. Act. Leopoldina] 5: 395- 28 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Jan., '39 467, ill. Ueber einige Mallophagen aus Paraguay und Kamerun. [109] 5: 228-241, ill., (*). Krey, J. - - Unter- suchungen zur Okologie der Trichopterenlarven unter besonderer Berucksichtigung der Moorbewohner Schleswig- Holsteins. [Schrift. Naturwissensch. Ver. S. H.] 22:271- 318. Thompson, G. B. The Lice of Petrels. Pt. 1. The elongate forms. [75] 2: 481-493. On two spp. of Mallophaga from Phaethon rubrocauda roseotincta. [75] 2: 459-465, ill, (S). ORTHOPTERA. Chopard, L. La Biologic des Orth- opteres. [Encyl. Ent.] Ser. A, 20; 541 pp., ill, Lechevalier, Paris. Harvey, L. A. Preliminary note on the relations between grasshoppers and the re-colonisation of denuded heath and moor-land vegetation. [Trans. Soc. Brit. Ent.] 5: 291-297, ill. HEMIPTERA. Beamer, R. H. Two n. spp. of Ally- gianus (Cicadellidae). [55] 14: 153-155, ill. Caldwell, J. S. The Jumping Plant lice of Ohio (Chermidae). [Ohio Biol. Surv. Bull. 34] 6: 228-282, ill. (k*). DeLong, D. M.- Three n. spp. of Texananus (Cicadellid.). [55] 14: 185-186. Drake & Harris. A new Rhagovelia from Cuba. [55] 14: 152. Hungerford, H. B. A n. sp. of Neocorixa (Corixidae). [19] 33: 170-172, ill. Lepage, H. S.--Catalogo dos Coc- cideos do Brasil. [Rev. Mus. Paulista] 23: 327-491. Osborn, H. The Fulgoridae of Ohio. [Ohio Biol. Surv, Bull. 35] 6: 283-349, ill, (k). Pratt, R. Y.-- Observations on the striding habits of the Gerridae. [55] 14: 156. de la Torre- Bueno, J. R. Stenomacra marginella H.-Sch. and S. cliens Stal, a taxonomic note and a correction (Pyrrhocor.). [19] 33: 192-193, (k). LEPIDOPTERA. Brubaker, L. H. The life of the mourning cloak [Nature Mag.] 31: 354-357. Kohler, P. Neotropischer Psychiden aus dem Deutschen Entomolo- gischen Institut. [109] 5: 246-248, ill, (*). Lichy, R. - Lepidopteros nuevos para Venezuela. [Bol. Soc. Vene- zolana Cien. Nat.] 4: 266-278, ill. (*). Mendes, D. Nota sobre Maruca testulalis (Pyralid.). [Rodriguesia] 3: 167- 169, ill. Schaus, W. N. spp. of American Heterocera in the U. S. National Museum. [75] 2: 504-517, (S). Travassos, L. Sobre um novo typo de Syssphingidae. [Rodriguesia] 3: 199-201, ill. 1, '39] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 29 DIPTERA. Alexander, C. P. New or little known Tipulidae: Neotropical Species. [75] 2: 416-438. Antunes & Lane. --Um novo Aedes, Aedes (Ochlerotatus) pennai, encontrado em Sao Paulo. [Rev. Mus. Paulista] 23: 605- 614, ill. Ayrosa Galvao & Lane. Notas sobre os Nyssor- hynchus de Sao Paulo (Culicidae). [Rev. Mus. Paulista] 23 : 23-28, ill. Beckman, H. A simple feeding device for Culex pipiens in avian malaria studies. [68] 88: 114, ill. Guimares, L. R. Sobre as especies sul Americanas do genero Trichobius (Streblidae). [Rev. Mus. Paulista] 23: 651-666, ill., (k). Hall, D. G. N. genn. and spp. of South American Sarcophagidae. [109] 5: 253-259, ill. Hennig, W. See under Anatomy. Hurlbut, H. S. See under Ana- tomy. James, M. T. --A second species of Scoliopelta (Stratiomy.). [55] 156-157. Lane & Antunes. Notas sobre o genero Mansonia subgen. Rhynchotaenia, com descripcao de uma nova especie (Culic.). [Rev. Mus. Paulista] 23: 225-232. Lane & Ayrosa Galvao. Sobre a posicao system- atica de Anopheles gilesi Neiva, 1908 (Culic.). [Rev. Mus. Paulista] 23: 29-34, ill. Seguy, E. Fam. Muscidae. [Gen. Insect.] Fasc. 205 ; 604 pp., ill., (k). Steyskal, G. The pre- copulatory behaviour of the male of Dolichopus omnivagus (Dolichopodid). [19] 33: 193-194. COLEOPTERA. Bierig, A. Un Trogatus nuevo de Panama (Staphyl.). [115] 12: 243-244, ill. Blaisdell, F. E.- A n. sp. of Listus from the Sequoia National Park, Cali- fornia (Melyr.). [55] 14: 165-167. Borchmann, F. Fam. Lagriidae. [Gen. Insect.] Fasc. 204; 561 pp., ill., (k). Cazier, M. A. A new California Polyphylla with notes con- cerning the variability of certain characters within the genus. [55] 14: 161-164. Darlington, P. J. The American Patrobini (Carabidae). [70] 18: 135-183, ill., (k*). Everly, R. T. --Spiders and insects found associated with sweet corn with notes on the food habits of some spp. I. Arach- nida and Coleoptera. [43] 38: 136-148, ill. Hatch, M. H- Report on the Coleoptera collected by Dr. Victor B. Scheffer on the Aleutian Islands in 1937. [55] 14: 145-149. Hatch & Beer. A n. sp. of Dicerca (Buprestidae) from Washington. [55] 14: 151. Hustache, A. Curculionides nouveaux de 1'Amerique meridionale, qui se trouvent dans le Deutsches Entomologisches Institut. [109] 5: 265-288. Kleine, R. Neue Brenthiden aus dem Deutschen Entomo- logischen Institut. [109] 5: 289-291, ill. Korschefsky, R.- Eine neue Cycloneda-Art aus Brasilien. [109] 5: 264, ill. 30 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Jan., '39 Lane, F. Notas sobre Lamiides Neotropicos e descripcao de especies novas. [Rev. Mus. Paulista] 23: 631-642, ill. Esboco monographico dos Anoplodermideos. [Rev. Mus. Paulista] 23: 153-224, ill. Lane & Jesus Moure.--Os Cholineos do Museu Paulista. I. -- Descripcao de algunas especies novas. [Rev. Mus. Paulista] 23: 612-630, ill. Lane & Pessoa. Sobre a validade especifica do Canthon dives Harold, 1868 (Scarab.). [Rev. Mus. Paulista] 23: 643-649, ill. von Lengerken, H. See under Anatomy. Linsley, E. G. -- Longevity in the Cerambycidae. [55] 14: 177. McCauley, R. H. A revision of the genus Microrhopala in North America, north of Mexico (Chrysomel.). [19] 33: 145-169, ill., (k). Maulik, S. On the structure of larvae of Hispine beetles. [,93] 108B ; 49-71, ill., (k). Pessoa & Lane. Notas sobre o genero Phanaeus (Scarab.) com a descripcao de uma nova especie. [Rev. Mus. Paulista] 23: 323-326, ill. Pratt, R. Y. One hour's collecting of Scaphi- notus on Whidby. [55] 14: 167. Schedl, K. E. Die Ein- teilung der Pityophthorinae (Rhynchophora). [52] 7: 157- 188, ill., (Sk*). Van Dyke, E. C.--Calendra (Spheno- phorus) minimus Hart in Calif. [55] 14: 187. HYMENOPTERA. Cockerell, T. D. A. A new Bem- becine wasp from San Nicolas Isl., California. [55] 14: 150. Mickel, C. E. Photopsoid Mutillids collected by Dr. K. A. Salman at Eagle Lake, Calif. [55] 14: 178-185' Mitchell, T. B. Notes on the Megachilid subgenera Xeromegachile and Derotropis. [55] 14: 168-177, ill. Weyrauch, W.- Recherches sur la chaleur dans le nids d'Hymenopteres sociaux. [Mem. Soc. R. Sci. Liege] 2: 307-394. Occurrence of Aphodius scrofa Fabricius in Western Maine (Coleop.: Scarabaeidae). Two specimens of this species were given me by Mr. W. J. Brown, Dominion of Canada Entomologist, which were taken by him at Aldouane, New Brunswick, July 6, 1928. The western march is indicated by the capture of five specimens at Weld, Maine, on July 2, 1938, in a single cow dropping. None of the other droppings in the pasture contained specimens and two days later there were none present in the dropping where the five were found. Weld is situated about 25 miles south east of the Rangeley Lakes in the western part of the slate. C. A. FROST, Framingham, Massachusetts. ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS for December, 1938, was mailed at the Phila- delphia Post Office, January llth, 1939. EXCHANGES This column is intended only for wants and exchanges, not for advertisements of goods for sale or services rendered. Notices not exceeding three lines free to subscribers. These notices are continued as long as our limited space will allow; the new one are added at the end of the column, and, only when necessary those at the top (being: longest in) are discontinued. Wanted Chrysalids of Papilio ajax and philenor, cocoons of Roths- childia orizaba and jorulla. Buy or exchange. Newark Entomological Society. Curator, Chas. Rummel, Green Village Rd., R. D. 2, Madison, New Jersey. Have large list of Lepidoptera wants and offers. Send me youri. Carpenter, Box 1344, Hartford, Conn. Geometers Wanted from all parts of United States and Canada, for cash or in exchange for butterflies. Noctuids or other Geometers. Edwin I. Guedet, P. O. Box 305, Napa, California. Mr. Robert "Colegio de la Salle, Vedado, Habana, Cuba," offers Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Land and Sea Shells, Bird Skins, Botanical Specimens, Cuban Cactus and cleaned "Diatom" Material. Wanted for cash or exchange any pamnhlets dealing with the American Hesperiidae. K. J. Hayward, Entomologist, Concordia Experiment Station, E. R. Argentine. Wanted Megathymus streckeri from S. W. Colo, or New Mex. Also from Texas. Also M. yitccne from Colo. Offer in exch. Meg. leiissleri Holl. (Nebr. race streckeri). R. A. Leussler, 115 S. 52nd St.. Omaha, Nebr. Wanted Cantharidae of the United States, esp. those of the prenus Cantharis. Will exchange named beetles of Oregon. K. M. Fender, 930 S. Davis St., McMinnville, Oregon. Desired Ichneumonidae. Especially Tryphoninae of the world for revisionary work. Will exchange or purchase acceptable ma- terial. Andrew R. Park, Jr., c/o State Dept. of Public Health, 1800 Fillmore Street, Chicago, Illinois. Lucanidae of the world. Will determine, exchange or purchase. Desire especially neotropical material for revisional work. Bernard Benesh, Box 159, North 'Chicago, 111. 60 Cocoons, carefully fed. of Samia nokomis fnr Com stock's Cali- fornia Butterflies and 40 for Holland's Butterflies, Vol. 2. Both either new or second, or will exchange nokomis cocoons for de- sirable butterflies, Papilio, Argynnis or Megathymus. Jack Dennis. Beulah, Manitoba, Canada. Desired Doliohopodidae of western United States ard Canada. Will determine for privilege of retaining duplicates. F. C. Harmstnn, Ento- mology Dept., Utah Agric. College, Logan, Utah. Wanted. Chrysididae and Cleptidae of the world for cash or for exchange and determination, esperiallv Nearctic and Neotronical material, for revisional purposes. W. G. Bodenstein, Dept. of Ento- mology, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. RECENT LITERATURE FOB SALE BY THE AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 1900 RACE STREET, PHILADELPHIA, PA. COLEOPTERA 1039. Blaisdell (F. E.). A generic synopsis and generic re- vision of the tribe Dasytini of No. Amer., north of Panama (Melyridae). (64: 1-31, 2 pis., 1938). .70 1044. Robinson (M.). Studies in the Scarabaeidae. (64: 107- 116, figs., 1938) 20 DIPTERA 1047. Fisher (E. G.). North American fungus gnats (Myce- tophilidae). (64: 195-200, pi., 1938) .20 HYMENOPTERA 1041. Pate (V. S. L.). Studies in the Nyssonine wasps (Sphecidae). III. A revision of the genus Harpacto- stigma (Gorytini). (64: 57-77, 1938) 40 1043. Hopper (H. P.). A n. gen. and four n. sps. of Nearctic Ichneumonidae. (64: 97-106, 1938) 20 1045. Pate (V. S. L.). Studies in the Nyssonine wasps (Sphe- cidae). IV. New or redefined gen. of the tribe Nys- sonini, w!th descr. of n. sps. (64: 117-190, 2 pis., 1938) 1.50 1049. Krombein (K. V.). Studies in the Tiphiidae. II. A revision of the Nearctic Myzininae (Aculeata). (64: 227-292, 1938) 1.30 ORTHOPTERA 1040. Rehn and Hebard. New genera and species of West Indian Mantidae and Phasmidae. (64: 33-55, 2 pis., 1938) . . .55 1042. Rehn and Rehn. The post-oak locust (Dendrotettix quercus) in the eastern U. S., with notes on macropter- ism in the species (Acrididae). (64: 79-95, 2 pis., 1938) .45 1048. Rehn and Hebard. New genera and species of West Indian Acrididae, with notes on previously-known species. (64: 201-226, 1 pi., 1938) 55 1046. Roberts (H. R.). A n. sns. and records of Pamphaginae from North Africa and Spain (Acrididae). (64: 191- 193, 1938) 20 E-1938. Hebard (M). Where and when to find the Orthop- tera of Pennsylvania, with notes on the sps. which in distribution reach nearest this State. (Ent. News, 48: 219-225, 274-280 (1937); 49: 33-38, 97-103, 155-159 (1938) 60 1 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST A quarterly journal of general entomology published by the Pacific Coast Entomological Society. It features insect problems of the Pacific area but is in no way confined to that region. The systematic and biological phases of entomology are stressed including articles on insect taxonomy morphology, life history, and distribution. Subscription price $2.00 per yearly volume of about two hundred pages. A few complete sets of the thirteen back volumes are still available at no increase in price. Address: California Academy of Sciences San Francisco, California FDR SALE FINE COLLECTION OF BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS Native and exotics, over 16,000 specimens in four cabinets, all deter- mined and locality given. Over 500 different Papilios. Will sell entire collec- tion or single specimens or lots. Also LIVING COCOONS AND PU PAE at very reasonable prices Herman J. Erb 9425 97th St., Ozone Park. Long Island, New York PERU BEETLES FROM THE PRIMITIVE FOREST AND BUTTERFLIES OF THE BEST QUALITY AND AT THE CHEAPEST PRICES PEDRO PAPRZYCKI, SATIPO, PERU, SOUTH AMERICA PANAMA CANAL ZONE INSECTS Determined material by the specimen: Diurnal Lepidoptera, Sphingidae, Saturnidae, Scarabaeidae, Carabidae. Write for price list. Undetermined material in several orders available in lots: Make offer in terms of rate per specimen. R. M. FOX, 8324 Ditman Street, Philadelphia, Pa. THREE TOP-FLIGHT INSECT BOXES The aristocrat of all insect boxes is Ward's original Schmitt Box, built to the same time-tried design that has been followed for more than 50 years. Best hand-finished bass wood, with non-buckling, non-corrosive cork bottom. Com- pletely pest-proof. Each, $2.75; hundred, $240.00. The Ward Insect Box, lower in price, has ply-wood top and bottom, wood- pulp composition pinning bottom, first quality pest proofing, each 11.90. Ward's Economy Box at SI. 15 represents the best bargain in insect boxes ever offered. Outside sanded but not finished. Excellent for temporary storage and student use. NATURAL SCIENCE ESTABLISHMENT,incJ The Frank A. Wu rd Foundation of Natural Science of the University of Rochester READ WARD'S ENTOMOLOGICAL BULLETIN . . ,,, ucd monthly 300 NORTH GOODMAN STREET ROCHESTER.'....NEv>- Leussler An Annotated List of The Butterflies of Nebraska (Lepid.: Rhopalocera) 34 Marking the Amherst Insectary 39 Forbes Iridescence 40 Williams The Mating and Egg-laying of Malacosoma americana (Lepid.: Lasiocampidae) 45 Laurent Average Number of Nymphs in the Egg-masses of Tenodera sinensis, (Orthoptera: Mantidae) Current Entomological Literature 51 Obituary Guillaume Severin 58 PHILADELPHIA, PA. THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES, 1900 Race Street Entered at the Philadelphia, Pa., Post Office at Second Clas Matter. Acceptance for mailing at the special rate of postage prescribed for* in Section 1. Act of October 1, 1917, authorized January 15, 1921. ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS published monthly, excepting August and September, by The American Entomological Society. Philip P. Calvert, Ph.D., Editor; E. T. Cresson, Jr., R. G. Schmieder, Ph.D., V. S. L. Pate, Associate Editors. Advisory Committee: Philip Laurent, J. A. G. Rehn, Chas. Liebeck, J. Chester Bradley, Ph.D., Frank Morton Jones, Sc.D., John C. Lutz, Max Kisliuk, Jr., Wm. W. Chapman. The subscription price per year of ten (10) numbers is as follows: United States and possessions, Central and South America $3.00, Canada $3.15, Foreign $3.25, Single copies 35 cents. ADVERTISING RATES: Full width of page. Payments in advance. One issue, 1 in., $ 1.20, 3 in., $ 3.00, 5 in., $ 5.00, 7 in., $ 7.00 Ten issues, " 8.00, " 25.00, " 45.00, " 60.00 SUBSCRIPTIONS. 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Communications on observations made in the course of your studies are solicited; also exhibits of any specimens you consider of interest. The printer of the "News" will furnish reprints of articles, without covers, over and above the twenty-five given free at the following rates: One or two pages, twenty-five copies, 35 cents; three or four pages, twenty-five copies, 70 cents; five to eight pages, twenty-five copies, $1.40; nine to twelve pages, twenty-five copies, $2.00; each half-tone plate, twenty-five copies, 30 cents; each plate of line cuts, twenty-five copies, 25 cents; greater numbers of copies will be at the corresponding multiples of these rates. Printed for 50 copies, J4.00 or more, according to number of pages bound. ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS VOL. L. FEBRUARY, 1939 No. 2 When is a Name a Subspecific Name *? The Editor, ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS: Sir, I have read with some interest and considerable dismay an article by William Hovanitz on "The Interpretation of the term subspecies, etc., etc.," which appeared in your February, 1938, issue. This article is of value in calling attention to the anomal- ous position in which entomological names of a category lower than subspecies now find themselves, inasmuch as they are not covered by the International Rules of Nomenclature. Lepid- opterists are concerned more than other entomologists with i.ames of this kind, and, writing as one of them, I agree with Mr. Hovanitz that the practice of lepidopterists is not as con- sistent as it should be, and undoubtedly calls for action; I cannot, however, believe that the action he appears to envisage will do anything to remedy this state of affairs. The authors of the Rules cannot have been unaware of these other categories of names ; they do not deny their existence, they merely ignore it (Article 2). To deduce from the pre- mises set forth by Mr. Hovanitz that "it follows that the sub- species is the only category of lower rank than the species" is surely quite unwarranted ; he is confusing taxonomy with nomenclature. One may, however, deduce from these same premises certain other things, namely (1) that the correct way of writing a subspecific name is the trinomial, and conversely that (in the absence of information to the contrary) any trino- mial must be assumed to have reference to a subspecies; (2) that the rules do not apply to other categories of names and that in our treatment of these names, therefore, we are not governed by the Rules; (3) that these names in categories lower than the subspecies, having no status in scientific nomen- clature, cannot take precedence over names recognized as valid 31 32 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Feb., '39 under the rules. One may illustrate these points by making use of Mr. Hovanitz's own examples. 1. Eurymus alexandra edzvardsi form hatui B. & B. is not quadrinomial (on Mr. Hovanitz's own reasoning such a thing could not exist, there being only uni-, bi- and tri-nomials in nomenclature), it is a valid trinomial to which is added a name that the authors, by calling it a form-name, have carefully excluded from the operation of the rules ; hatui may not be a scientific name controlled by the rules, but one cannot deny that it is a name. 2. Euphydras cditha. Neither "ab. ficldi" nor "r. wrighti" has any status in nomenclature, not being set forth as a tri- nomial or as a subspecific name by its author. Neither is a valid subspecific name until published as a trinomial, and which- ever is published first in that form is the name of the subspecies, provided that no valid subspecific name has been published in the interval. 3. interligata Cabeau. As Mr. Hovanitz has been unable to refer to the original descriptions of the names which he dis- cusses in this paragraph, I quote below the exact form in which each name was published: (Rev. Men. Soc. Ent. Namuroise, 1919 : 49) 1. Argynnis selene Schiffermiller ab. interligata, n. ab. 2. Argynnis euphrosyne Linne ab. interligata, n. ab. 3. Argynnis lathonia Linne ab. interligata, n. ab. (loc. cit., 1922 : 18) 4. Argynnis dia Linne ab. interligata n. ab. (loc. cit., 1922 : 46) 5. Argynnis pales Schiffermiller forme arsilache Esper ab. interligata, n. ab. 6. Argynnis ino Rottemburg ab. interligata, n. ab. If I understand Mr. Hovanitz correctly, he would have us believe that all these names (except No. 5 presumably) are trinomials. But a trinomial is written, thus : Alpha beta gamma, not Alpha beta ab. gamma; and the author here has obviously 1, '39] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 33 taken considerable pains to make it clear that he is describing aberrations, and therefore, presumably, not subspecies. Mr. Hovanitz, however, in spite of this would appear to suggest that, whatever the author intended to do, he had in fact de- scribed, willy nilly, six homonymous subspecies* in the genus Argynnis; which, as Euclid used to say, is absurd. 4. Although the statement of fact given in this paragraph does not contain the whole truth, as the author himself suggests, that is immaterial to the argument. There are several species known to me of which the first name valid under the code was based upon a specimen which proved subsequently to be very atypical of the species, or, in other words an aberration. Does this present any difficulty? Take the (hypothetical) case quoted by Mr. Hovanitz. Is there any objection to referring to the aberration of Argynnis nlobe as A. niobc ab. adippe? Niobe and adippe at the time of publication were equally valid names, Tvhatever their taxonomic values may have been. 5. Precisely the same misunderstanding of the Rules leads Mr. Hovanitz again to an untenable position in this paragraph ; but there is at least a clue to the nature of his misunderstanding. He uses the phrase "Ercbia ligca ab. subcacca Schultz ; a tri- nomial." That seems to crystallise the difficulty. I maintain, and I believe that ninety nine lepidopterists out of a hundred would agree with me, that that is not a trinomial. A subspecific name is a trinomial name ; does it follow that every use of three terms in conjunction must, whatever form it takes, be a sub- specific name, even though its author explains that it is not? Nomenclature is a sufficiently vexed and vexing a subject as it is, without the dragging of such red herrings as this across its tortuous path. Let Mr. Hovanitz apply to the Commission for a definition of a "trinomial" if he thinks it worth while: we would prefer to give our time to more productive labours. Yours very truly, N. D. RILEY. * Since the Code lays it down (Art. II) that specific and subspecific names are co-ordinate, the third term in a trinomial must not occur more than once in any one genus. 34 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Feb., '39 An Annotated List of The Butterflies of Nebraska (Lepid.: Rhopalocera). By R. A. LEUSSLER, Omaha, Nebraska. (Continued from Vol. xlix, page 280.) 134. H. COMMA (L.) race COLORADO (Scud.). Flies on the higher plains of the western part of the state with the pre- ceding species and is equally common. Specimens are rather bright yellow fulvous and match up with the low altitude found in Colorado. 135. H. PAHASKA Leussler. Sioux County near Harrison, Nebraska ; see Ent. News xlix, p. 5, 1938. 136. H. ATTALUS (Edw.). Rare. 1 female, Omaha, June 21, 1913; 2 females, 1 male, Omaha, June 17, 1922. 137. H. OTTOE (Edw.). The typical form is found only oc- casionally, and as ogallala, a darker, more heavily marked form is the prevalent one in the eastern as well as in the western part of the state, it is my opinion that the latter is the normal form of the first brood of this species, and that ottoe was de- scribed from an abnormally light specimen. The fact that in- tergrades of every degree are found strengthens this belief. Typical specimens from Pilger (2 $ ), Omaha (1 $ 1 9 ,) Hack- berry Lake, Cherry County (1 $ ). H. OTTOE form OGALLALA (Leussler). As stated above, this is the normal form of the early brood. It is found only in native prairie in late June and early July. Has been taken at Omaha, Lincoln, West Point, Pilger, Hackberry Lake and Wauneta, near the Colorado line. H. OTTOE form PAWNEE (Dodge) . This, the late brood, makes its appearance about August 25. The type locality is about 35 miles northwest of Fremont, and not far from there I have found it abundant upon a number of occasions. It is partial to the flowers of blazing star (Liatris). 138. HYLEPHILA PHYLAEUS (Dru.). Rare. Taken only in some years. Omaha, Papilion, Blair, and reported from Dodge County by Dodge. Frequents wild asters and the blos- soms of alfalfa. 139. POLITES VERNA (Edw.). Very rare. 1 specimen taken at Omaha, July 3, another July 5, 1912; 1 at Plattsmouth, June 26, 1930. 140. P. MANTAAQUA (Scud.). I have found this only in two pieces of native prairie land near Omaha and never in large numbers. Some specimens appear intermediate between 1, '39] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 35 lypica/ jiuiuatuaqua and the western race rhcna (Edw.). P. MANATAAQUA race RHENA (Edw.). Not uncommon in Sioux County in June and July. 141. P. THEMISTOCLES (Latr.). Our commonest skipper. Found over the entire state. Most numerous in June and again in August. 142. P. MYSTIC race DACOTAH (Edw.). Common in Sow Belly Canyon, Sioux County in June 1911. In June, 1918, F. H. Shoemaker collected a long series at Bazile Mills, some of which were dark, heavily marked specimens like typical mystic from eastern states, but most of them were race dacotah. 143. P. CORAS (Cram.). A very common skipper of gen- eral distribution throughout the state ; flies with tJiemistodes, the seasons being about the same. 144. ATALOPEDES CAMPESTRIS (Bdv.). Very common, at least as far west as Valentine; June to October. The late fall brood is much darker on under surface than the earlier broods. 145. CATIA OTHO (A and S.) race EGEREMET (Scud.). Rather local but found regularly at Omaha the latter part of July ; partial to flowers of bergamot. 146. ATRYTONE LOGAN (Edw.). Rather rare. Specimens from Omaha, Lincoln, West Point, Meadow and Plattsmouth, all taken in June and July. A. LOGAN race LAGUS (Edw.). Not uncommon in Sioux County in July, and has also been taken in Cherry County. This race has the ground color paler and the black borders much narrower. 147. A. AROGOS (Bdv. and Lee.). Formerly quite common, now found only where original prairie remains. Single brooded ; flies from about June 20 through July. Omaha, West Point, McCook and Oconto. 148. A. VESTRIS (Bdv.). Found over the entire state, being common in the western part. Apparently double brooded for it has been taken in every month from June to September. 149. A. BIMACULA (G. and R.). Very local; I have taken specimens in only two moist meadows at Omaha and in an- other similar meadow at Valley, early part of July. At the latter locality a female without spots was taken, contradicta Leussler. 150. A. DION (Edw.). Not uncommon but very local, being found only in marshy places where wild rice and marsh grasses grow. Late June to middle of July. Omaha, Waterloo and Valley. 151. A. PONTIAC (Edw.). Frequents the same localities as 36 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Feb., '39 the preceding species and flies in company with it. It makes its appearance perhaps a week later but its season is overlapped by that of dion. Nebraska specimens are very much larger than those from eastern states. 152. POANES VIATOR (Edw.). Another marsh species, but more rare in the state than either dion or pontiac. July. Omaha, Valley and Hackberry Lake. 153. P. HOBMOK (Harr.). Common; single brooded; ap- pears about Memorial Day and flies throughout June. Omaha, Lincoln, West Point, Neeley, Valentine, Cedar Bluffs and Harrison. Although I have collected hundreds of specimens I have never found the dark female Pocahontas (Scud.), in the state. 154. P. TAXILES (Edw.). Common in the canyons of Sioux County. Appears last week in June and remains through most of July. Fond of the flowers of bergamot. 155. ATRYTONOPSIS HIANNA (Scud.). Common in the sand hills of Cherry County where it appears to be particularly attracted to the yellow puccoon flowers which abound there. Has been taken in Sioux County also and at West Point. It is subject to much variation in the number and size of spots, both above and beneath. Flies from the end of May well into June. 156. AMBLISCIRTES VIALIS (Edw.). Fairly common in the eastern part of the state especially where patches of vetch are found, the flowers of which prove attractive to it. Double brooded, about the first of May and about the middle of July. 157. A. OSLARI (Skin.). Common in the western part of the state. Usually found in wet, gravelly spots. Double brooded, first appearing between 10th and 20th of June, and the second about the middle of August. Specimens from Val- entine, Bloomington and Harrison. 158. LERODEA EUFALA (Edw.). Found in the eastern part of the state, where it is sometimes quite abundant in September and October on a great variety of flowers, both wild and cultivated. 159. MEGATHYMUS STRECKERI (Skin.). Inhabits the sand hill regions where the yucca plant flourishes. Single brooded so far as known, appearing early in June. It is extremely variable with regard to size, wing shape, width of border on second- aries, size and shape of spots, depth of color of the yellow spots and border, and number of spots on under side of sec- ondaries. It is this race which Dr. Holland figures in the re- vised Butterfly Book, PI. LXXII, and to which he has given 1, '39] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 37 the name leussleri. SPECIES INCLUDED IN PREVIOUS LISTS BUT OMITTED FROM THE PRESENT ONE. THECLA POEAS (Hub.) (Strymon cecrops Fabr.). Albert Cassell lists it as being found at Nebraska City and Barber from Nemaha County, on the authority of W. E. Taylor. Both are in the same general locality, and as cecrops is a well marked species, not easily confounded with any of the other hairstreaks, it seems fairly certain that it occasionally occurs in Nebraska. LYCAENA FILENUS (Poey). Mentioned in Cassell's list as quite numerous at Nebraska City. Filenus is a synonym of hanno (Stoll), a species not likely to occur in Nebraska. It seems probable that isola (Reak,) is the species referred to. The following are all included in Barber's list. Quotations are from the list; comments are the writer's. For the generic names in Barber's list it has been thought best to substitute those used in Barnes and Benjamin's check list. ARGYNNIS ATLANTIS (Edw.). "West Point, Northern Neb- raska. Not very common." I have seen no specimens from Nebraska. EUPHYDRYAS PHAETON (Dru.). "Lancaster County (Mr. McMillan). Mr. Scudder in his map showing the distribution of this species indicates its presence in the extreme eastern por- tion of the state along the Missouri river." I know of no rea- son why it should not occur here but have seen no specimens taken in the state. MELITAEA MINUTA (Edw.). "Sioux County." Probably pola (Bdv.), which is the species found in Sioux County. POLYGONIA FAUNUS (Edw.). "Nemaha County (W. E. Taylor) Found occasionally." I fear this was a misidentifica- tion on Taylor's part. BASILARCHIA ARTHEMIS (Dru.). "Nemaha County (W. E. Taylor) Rare." J. D. Gunder in an article on Basilarchia (Can. Ent. Feb. 1934) mentions arthemis and proserpina from Lincoln, Nebr. As neither Dr. Wolcott, Dr. Dawson, nor the many collectors among students of Nebraska University, had ever taken true arthemis in the state, I wrote to Gunder for particulars of the record. He replied that he had obtained the specimens through Lloyd Martin, of Roscoe, Calif. Mr. Mar- tin in turn wrote me that he had obtained them from Geo. W. Baker of Lincoln, Nebr., and Mr. Baker, a young collector, informed me that whatever material he sent Mr. Martin has been collected locally but that he did not recall taking any white- banded Basilarchia, and thought he surely would have noticed 38 ENTOMOLOGICA* NEWS [Feb., '39 it if he had. Under the circumstances, I fear, the record must be classed as doubtful. INCISALIA IRUS (Godt.). "Not taken by us in the state. Strecker says 'it occupies the same territory as niphon and titus;' and these two are found in the state, though uncommon." It is possible that this species occurs here but I have not seen any specimens taken in the state. 1. NIPHON (Hbn.). "Nemaha County (W. E. Taylor). Rare." Not impossible, but no Nebraska specimens found. LYCAENA EPIXANTHE (Bdv. and Lee.). "Not taken by us in the state. Scudder says 'I find a memorandum of its occur- ence in Iowa and Nebraska', and Edwards credits it to Kansas." I can add nothing to the above. PLEBEJUS SCUDDERII (Edw.). "Sioux County." In the collection of the University of Nebraska I found specimens labeled scudderii, from Sioux County, but the female proved to be sJiasta race minnehaha (Sud.) and the male melissa (Edw.). ASCIA NAPI (L.) OLERACEA (Harr.). "Lancaster and Nem- aha Counties (W. E. Taylor)." It is possible that in the early days this species did occur in Nebraska. PAPILIO OREGONIA Edw. "Sioux County." Probably brucei Edw. P. ZOLIACON Bdv. "Sioux County." This, too, probably refers to brucei Edw. OARISMA POWESHEIK (Parker). "Not taken by us in the state. Scudder writes 'It flies in Iowa, Nebraska and Dakota according to Parker and Dodge'." Although I have not found it in Nebraska, I have found it in abundance at Lake Okoboji in northwestern Iowa, and therefore think it likely it may ex- tend over the line into Nebraska. POANES MASSASOIT (Scud.). "Dodge County (Dodge) Nebraska. (Prof. French Butt. East U. S.)" I have every reason to believe that this species has been taken in the state, although it has not been my good fortune to encounter it. P. ZABULON (Bdv. and Lee.). "Dodge County (Dodge). Fort Niobrara (W. L. Carpenter) Lincoln, Nebraske City, West Point." I surmise that all of the above records refer to hobomok. An examination of the West Point and Lincoln specimens in the collection of the University of Nebraska tend to bear this out. HESPERIA SASSACUS Harr. "Not taken by us in the state. Nebraska is mentioned by Prof. French in Butt. East U. S." I very much doubt that the true sassacus occurs in the state. 1, '39 j ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 39 It is more likely to be dacotae (Skin.), which was described from Volga, S. D., and which I have taken sparingly at Lake Okoboji, Iowa. H. LEONARDUS Harr. "Dodge and Nemaha Counties (W. E. Taylor)." I am inclined to think the above records rest upon a misidentification. Dark specimens of true pazvnee somewhat resembles Iconardus on the upper surface and may have been mistaken for the latter species. OCHLODES SYLVANOIDES (Bdv.). "Not taken by us in the state. Mr. Edwards mentions this species for Nebraska in his list (Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. XI? 1884, 311)." It is prob- able that Edwards had in mind the race he named napa, which I have taken in the Black Hills of South Dakota, and which it is conceivable may come into Nebraska. P. OCOLA (Edw.). "New Halena, Custer County." Clearly a misidentification. A specimen labeled Pamphila ocola from New Halena, Custer County, was located in the collection of the University of Nebraska and proved to be a female Atry- tone bhnacula. ATRYTONE ARPA (Bdv. and Lee.). "Not taken by us in the state. Edwards records it for the state in his list of butter- flies. (Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. VI. 1877, 54)." Most likely refers to dion (Edw.). A. PALATKA (Edw.). "Nebraska. (Prof. French Butt. Of East. U. S.)" This too, most likely refers to dion (Edw.). ERYNNIS ICELUS (Lint.). "Not taken by us in the state. Scudder in his map showing the distribution of this species indicates its presence over the entire state." I can add nothing to the above. Marking the Amherst Insectary. A founding-place of economic entomology as well as a founder were honored at Massachusetts State College, in Am- herst, on September 30, when the original insectary was marked with a bronze plaque. Among those who gathered to do hom- age to Charles Henry Fernald, founder of the department of Entomology, was his son, Henry T. Fernald, of Winter Park, Florida. Both father and son taught entomology at Massa- chusetts State in the early days. The building honored was originally 28 by 20 feet and was the headquarters for the fight against the Gypsy Moth in 1890. Charles Henry Fernald, who was the director of that fight, is an acknowledged founder of economic entomology. 40 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Feb., '39 Iridescence. By WM. T. M. FORBES, Cornel] University, Ithaca, New York. A delicate and complicated problem in describing butterflies is the specification of iridescence. It varies enormously from angle to angle, and in some cases, such as the basal spot on the fore wing of Chlorippe, the angle of easy vision is a limited one. Also the color seen, or even the portion of wing which may show iridescence, will change with the lighting and angle of vision. A review of published descriptions shows a great variety of consistently ambiguous language. Most often one reads merely such statements as "wing brilliantly blue-iridescent at a suitable angle" or even vaguer ones. Perhaps once in a hundred times there is a warning to turn one's back to the window ; to use diffuse (or concentrated) light, or a mention of grazing in- cidence. In this paper I propose to specify, sufficiently accurately and a? simply as possible, the angle of illumination and the angle of vision needed to bring out some well known cases of irides- cence; and so illustrate what I hope may become a standard scheme. Most cases of butterfly iridescence fall into one of two types. In such cases as the Morphos the light may fall from any direction (not too near grazing) and the sight is in the opposite direction and at about the same angle of elevation. In these cases the angle is not at all critical, and the direction not critical at all. I shall call such cases Specular. In the others the light must fall on the surface from a particular direction, and the angle of vision must be from some other fixed direction to give the maximum brilliancy. I shall call these cases Oriented. In most oriented cases the lines of illumination and of sight may be exchanged, and usually an inaccuracy of 15 or even somewhat more in a horizontal direction, makes very little difference. In the case of specular iridescence it is obviously only neces- 1, '39] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 41 sary to specify the vertical angle, the same for light and for sight ; but with oriented iridescence both light and sight must be specified separately, and the horizontal angle as well as the vertical. For the latter purpose I propose that we adopt the scheme of the diagram. Set the butterfly on a flat surface (black for translucent species) ; take the direction directly forward from the head as zero, directly to the sides as 90 (L and R), and directly behind as 180. Then, since closer accuracy is of no advantage we may divide each right angle into sixths (15 intervals). So if the light should come about halfway from the front to the left side (considering the right pair of wings) we make the notation 45 L (see diagram). In the same way we may divide the vertical angle also into six equal parts, and for instance if the best angle is a little less than half way from horizontal to vertical (as in the diagram) we note 30 up (U). In exactly the same way we can specify the best angle from which to view the surface. For the diagram I have taken a case where the best view was somewhat to the right of, behind, and a little steeper than the angle of illumina- tion (i. e. 45 U 150 R). Obviously this method automatically becomes a formula. In the first case, instead of merely writing "fore wing iridescent blue" we can write "iridescence specular, 45 U," instead of some such statement as "iridescence best seen a little asym- 42 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Feb., '39 metrically" we can be specific with the formula: "iridescence oriented, light 30 U 45 L, sight 45 U 150 R." We have assumed that formulae are drawn up with the right side in mind, of course for the left side we must merely exchange "left" and "right" in reading our formula. On the practical side we may suggest that a diffuse but fairly oriented light is usually best, such as a window a few feet away. It is a great convenience in judging angles to pin the insect with wing surfaces horizontal, on the middle of a flat block (white or black), and judge angles by the slope of the block rather than of the insect itself. When the block is lying horizontally on a table, a window usually gives an angle of "light" of 30 or 45 degrees, to get a lower angle the block may be lifted toward the eye level, for a greater one it will be tilted. We also tend to hold the block nearer to ourselves than to the window, so our angle of "sight" is likely to be a unit greater than the angle of "light." This is usually best for seeing oriented iridescences. It is also convenient to remember that if the angles of "light" and "sight" are similar the butterfly is best held with our back to light; if they are nearly supple- mentary and not too steep we should have the light in front of us. In some cases the convenient position is with one's side to the light, usually where the angles of sight and light are more or less at right angles, or the horizontal directions are opposite and the vertical angles moderately high. In the latter case we will be holding the butterfly tilted, with the pin-head pointing over a shoulder. Note that with low horizontal angles the head of the butterfly is toward the light (or observer), with high angles, the tail. The following list of examples are chosen partly for variety, and partly to illustrate cases (such as Talanga) where present descriptions are completely ambiguous. The majority are from the Nymphalinae, famous for their varied types of iridescence. Argynnis sogana 9 (China). 1, oriented, light 30 U 90 L; sight 60 U 105 R. A rather faint green, especially on base of fore wing along veins and beyond the white fascia of hind wing. 2, (under side) 45 U 90 R; 60 U 105 L. Brilliant green on postmedial area of fore wing and fainter on the white markings. 1, '39] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 43 3, 45 U 135 R; 60 U 75 L. The hind wing 'shows its irides- cence at a somewhat different angle, because of the slant of its axis in the usual spreading position. The fascia shows faint pink at the same angle. Phyciodcs Icvina (South America). Specular 45. A not very brilliant blue. 2, oriented 45 U 90 L or R ; 60 U 90 R or L. At a cross light of about this angle in either direction the blue goes greenish or brassy, the effect is faint at other angles. 3, oriented 45 U 90 L ; 90 U. A faint iridescence on the black ground. (As usual the hind wing needs a different angle, 60 L.) Precis radama (Madagascar). Iridescence changeable. The best blue is seen at 90 U ; 90 U, but so long as viewed from directly above the color is blue. Best violet 45 U ; 30 U, viewed from opposite side from illumination; the best copper is at 20 U 90 R; 10 U 90 L. P. art a .via (Africa). Blue base of fore wing specular, the angle not critical; the best (but very faint) violet nearly spec- ular at 20 U ; 10 U. P. lavinia hubneri (South America). Oriented but not crit- ical. Perhaps best green at 75 U 180; 75 U 75 L. Is good at 90 U; 90 U, but almost dead at 45 U; 30 U, where radama shows a very good violet. In general should be lighted at a higher angle than viewed and from the opposite side. Salamis parrhasus (Africa) Changeable. The best green is at 30 U; 60 U, viewed from the same side as lighted, at any angle. Best brassy at 45 U ; 30 U, viewed from opposite side; the best rose perhaps at 75 U 90 L ; 90 U, and is quite critical, the irregularities of the surface destroying the effect in patches. Callicorc cluina (South America). 1, blue band specular, the angle not critical. The best copper at 75 U ; 75 U, the deepest violet at grazing (perhaps 5 U). 2, the famous blue flash on hind wing is oriented 45 U 75 L ; 60 U 60 L, and in general shows at steep angles with the light behind the observer. 3, Blue-green spot at base of fore wing same but less critical, -it still shows well at 60 U ; 90 U. C gabaza (Columbia). 1, blue band specular and not critical, but is brassy at 75 U 60-120 R; 60 U 60-120 R. 2, oriented ; 45 U 60 L ; 60 U 75 L shows the best violet on the ground. It is not critical but is dead when the band is brassy. 44 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Feb., '39 C. astcria (Mexico). 1, oriented 30 U 0; 45 U 0. (i. e. illuminated and viewed from low angles and directly in front.) Anterior two thirds of hind wing deep purple; basal half of fore wing and inner margin of hind wing glossy blue-gray. 2, 60 U ; 90 U. Basal half of fore wing purple, matching costal half rather than dorsal third of hind wing. Oriented but less critical. C. ncglccta (South America). 30 U 90 L ; 60 U 90 R. This gives the best contrast of the two portions of the blue border of the hind wing, the band blue with gray-white edge. 2, 45 U 60 R, 60 U 120 L. Band violet, its edge green. Perisama saussurei (South America). 1, partially oriented, 60 U ; 90 U, shows best the blue patch on hind wing. 2, oriented, 45 U 90 L; 45 U 60 L shows black streaks on brown instead. 3, light blue of fore wing is semispecular, but most brilliant below cell at 45 U 135 L; 75 U 90 L, and most intensely blue perhaps at 45 U 90 L; 60 U 180. 4, the deep purple around it shows better at 45 U 135 L 90 U. 5, at 30 U 90 L ; 45 U 105 L both blues practically vanish. 6, line on hind wing specular and not critical. Tcmenis laothoc (South America). This shows a good deal of local and individual variation. A very bright specimen (var. violetta) from the middle Napo shows: 1, oriented 45 U 0; 60 U 0. Best violet 011 border of hind wing. 2, oriented 60 U 180; 90 U. Best rose on disc of hind wing. 3, 60 U with any azimuth ; 90 U. Deep violet on black part of fore wing (except border). 4, specular but limited, 90 U ; 90 U shows blue on under side of hind wing and tip of fore wing, becoming a rose flush at 45. 5, to show most nearly the pure pigment buff color use oriented 15 U 180; 15 U 180. A specimen from Peru with minimum iridescence lacks 1, 2, 3, but shows 4, 5. Tcmenis pulclira (South America). Shows best purple on hind wing at a little steeper angles than T. laothoe,-A5-() U Oor 180 ; 60-90 UO or 180. (To be continued.) 1, '39] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 45 The Mating and Egg-laying of Malacosoma americana (Lepid.: Lasiocampidae). By JOSEPH L. WILLIAMS, University of Pennsylvania, and Lincoln University, Pennsylvania. INTRODUCTION. In a preceding paper, Williams (1938), an effort was made to verify double copulation among Lepidoptera, reported by Pictet (1931) for the European Lasiocampa quercus. Upon rinding none of the species studied copulating in this manner, the author decided to confine his researches to the American species of the family Lasiocampidae, since Lasiocampa quercus is not an inhabitant of this country. Except for the author's paper (1938), those of Pictet (1931) and Norris (1932) are almost the only others that deal at length with copulation among Lepidoptera. The study of copulation among Lepidoptera was suggested to me by Professor P. P. Calvert, to whom I am indebted for many kindnesses and valuable criticisms during the preparation of this manuscript. I am also grateful to Professor H. F. Grim ot Lincoln University for many helpful suggestions and other circumstances, which made it possible to carry on this work. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS. Tent caterpillars (Malacosoma americana Fab.) were allowed to feed on wild cherry trees near Oxford, Chester County, Pennsylvania, until they were nearly grown. They were col- lected early on the morning of May the twenty-first, while most of them were still in their nests. The nests were pulled apart and the caterpillars were raked into lard cans. The cans were only filled one quarter full to prevent smothering the larvae. All pupae found in the nests were placed into a different con- tainer. The larvae were then taken to the laboratory, poured into long glass dishes and freed of excrement and other foreign matter. They were then placed into large evaporating dishes and carried to their cage. The cage was a portion of a room, the dimensions of which were 9 ft. x 4 ft. 2 ins. x 7 ft. 4 ins. (2.743 x 1.337 x 2.354 46 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Feb., '39 meters). It had a door through which one could enter. One inner side was covered with ordinary wire window screen. The other three sides were lined with thick pasteboard, which cov- ered over all cracks to prevent the caterpillars from escaping. Wild cherry foliage was placed into two two-liter flasks filled with water, and put into the cage for food. The flasks were arranged so that the foliage rested against the walls of the cage, which enabled the caterpillars to crawl upon it to feed. News- paper was folded and placed here and there on the floor. Many larvae pupated between the folded edges of the paper, which prevented them from crowding into the corners of the cage for this purpose. The pupae were gathered each day in the following manner. With the aid of a pair of tweezers they were removed from the newspaper and corners of the cage and placed into a large evaporating dish. They were then scattered on the bottom of a wooden box, which was covered with clean newspaper. The box had a sliding door and its top was covered with wire screen. As the moths emerged, they were removed from the wooden box and placed into large paper boxes covered with wire screen. These breeding boxes had small doors cut in one side, which could be opened and closed. When a pair of moths began to mate, they were not disturbed until the male was firmly attached to the female. They were then removed by carefully sliding a smooth piece of paper between the box and legs of the insects. The insects and paper were then placed in wide-mouth glass bottles and observed. When the mating period was over, they were distributed in the following manner and further observed. 1. Several mated pairs were placed each into a half -pint milk bottle containing a strip of absorbent paper and plugged with cotton. 2. Some mated pairs were placed each into a half-pint milk bottle without the absorbent paper. 3. Several mated pairs were placed together in a large paste- board box, like the breeding boxes. 4. Several mated pairs were placed together in a round cage, which fitted over a gallon jug filled with water containing wild 1, '39] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 47 cherry twigs. The frame of this cage was covered with mos- quito netting. 5. Mated and virgin females were placed upon twigs of apple, pear, peach, plum, maple, cherry, and oak. These twigs were kept in containers filled with water. 6. Mated and virgin females were placed upon twigs of dead pear, which had been in several fires on a refuse dump for two months. 7. Virgin females were placed in a large pasteboard box, like the breeding boxes, and observed for egg-laying. 8. The egg-laying orifices of mated and virgin females, unable to lay, were probed with bristles, which were used as mechanical stimulants, to try to induce egg-laying. 9. A juice expressed from the reproductive organs of the male was injected by means of a micro-pipette into the egg- laying orifice of females unable to lay in order to try to stim- ulate egg-laying. 10. The reproductive organs of virgin females that made no attempt to lay, of mated and virgin females unable to lay, and of mated females that had laid were dissected from the bodies, stained, mounted as slides and studied. RESULTS. The adults began to emerge on June 10, and increased in numbers each day until the maximum emerged June 18th. After the 18th, daily emergings became fewer until the last of the moths emerged, June 21st. During this period, experimental observations were conducted upon the copulatory and egg-laying habits of this moth. They began to emerge around 4:00 p. m., Eastern Summer Time, and stopped around 7 :00 p. m. As soon as they emerged from the cocoons, they crawled upon the sides of the box and in this position the wings were expanded. These moths became active around 11:00 p. m. and intermit- tently swarned sometimes for less, and sometimes for more, than a half an hour, with rest intervals of fifteen minutes or longer. These swarming intervals continued throughout the night until around 9:00 a. m. the following morning. After 9 :00 a. m. they remained quiet until late in the evening, when 48 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Feb., '39 swarming at intervals began again. Matings took place during the swarming periods. If couples mated a half an hour before 9.90 a. m., they remained fastened together sometimes for a half a day. The total number of moths was approximately seven thousand. Five hundred other individuals were prevented from emerging by being parasitized. The same parasite re- duced the number of emerging moths the preceding year. A factor which increased the yield of moths this year was the removal of the adults from the wooden box as soon as they emerged. Last year, the adults were allowed to remain in the wooden box with the pupae, and of a thousand pupae only 74 males and 17 females emerged. Perhaps the images disturbed the pupae and so caused the death of the latter. With the aid of a dissecting microscope, more than five hun- dred matings were observed. In every case the penis was in the bursal opening. Many pairs were plunged into ether, which instantly killed them and a dissection of these moths revealed the penis to be only in the bursal opening. If a female mated later in the day, say between 9 and 11 :00 a. m., she would lay between 1 1 :00 p. m. of the same day and 9 :00 a. m. of the following day. Sometimes the insects became active before 11 :00 p. m., but activity ceased by 9:00 a. m. Females that were placed in milk bottles and the pasteboard box without twigs (nos. 1-3 above) did riot lay except in a very few cases. Less than a dozen cases took place under these conditions. Virgin females that were placed in a pasteboard box (no. 7) did not lay. Mated females laid eggs on the twigs of cherry in the round cage (no. 4). They generally begin by coiling the abdomen around a twig of .3 to .5 cm. in dia- meter. The selected spot is a fork between the petiole of a leaf and the stem. The laying is conducted in the following manner: The head of a female is on one side of the twig and her abdomen is coiled around the twig, so that its hind end faces the head. The eggs are placed in rows at right angles to the stem and are covered with the glue-like secretion of the accessory glands. The distance from one end of the egg mass to the opposite end, due to a sidewise movement of the abdo- 1, '39 J ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 49 men, parallel to the stem, is about 20 mm. This movement continues while eggs are being deposited for from 55 minutes to 1^4 hours. While the female is depositing her eggs, her body moves forward to make room for the next row of eggs. If the row being deposited is not exactly smooth, she smoothes it out before continuing further. When the eggs are a little more than half-way around the twig, she crawls upon the petiole still depositing her eggs until the mass has nearly surrounded the twig. To complete the laying she moves her body forward over the eggs that were laid first, the accessory gland secretion having hardened sufficiently by this time to enable her to walk upon it. When oviposition is completed, some females are unable to pull themselves away and are left hanging to the egg mass. Others fly away, but life for them is very short, for many of them die within twenty-four hours. A similar observation was made by Le Baron (1870) on the oviposition of this moth. He says: "Three female moths (presumably mated) were enclosed in a glass vessel. They were quiet during the day but became very restless as night approached, showing that like the moths in general, they are nocturnal in their habits. On the third day a twig of apple tree was introduced into the vessel. The moths immediately ran up upon it, and put themselves in a position for laying their eggs." Generally, a female indicating readiness to lay crawls around on the bottom and sides of the box, vibrating her wings. Many females in this condition were picked up by their wings and placed upon twigs of different trees (no. 5). No cage is necessary when this method is practised because they begin to lay at once. They laid most eggs upon wild cherry. The next choice was apple ; third, peach ; fourth, pear, and the last, plum. Mated females laid freely upon the dead pear twigs taken from a refuse dump (no. 6). They did not lay, however, upon oak and maple. Virgin females were tried in the same manner (nos. 5 and 6) ; a few were able to deposit less than a dozen eggs, after which they remained coiled around the twigs unable to lay. 50 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Feb., '39 Probing the egg-laying orifice with bristle or injecting the juice expressed from the male reproductive organs into it, failed to make these females lay (nos. 8 and 9). A study of the reproductive organs mounted on slides (no. 10) showed empty egg tubes and empty accessory gland vesicles of females that had mated and laid. Mated and virgin females unable to lay and virgin females that made no attempt to lay showed the egg tubes filled with eggs and the vesicles of the accessory glands filled with secretion after death. The female Malacosoma americana mates only once. This habit differs from that of Ephestia kuehniclla, which is known to mate up to five times. The bursa of Malacosoma americana is not as long as that of Ephestia kuehniclla, but the greatest tranverse diameter is longer. The length of the virgin bursa of Malaco- soma americana, including its neck, in fixed preparations aver- ages 1.7 mm. Its greatest transverse diameter is about 1.5 mm. The length of the virgin bursa of Ephestia kuehniclla averages about 3.5 mm. The length of bursa of a mated Malacosoma americana averages about 2 mm. ; its greatest transverse diameter is about 2.2 mm. The length of the bursa of Ephestia kuehni- ella, that has mated only once is about 4.2 mm. The length of its greatest transverse diameter averages about 1 mm. Every egg mass of Malacosoma americana found on a tree represents one oviposition and the purpose of a female life fulfilled. (To be continued.) Average Number of Nymphs in the Egg-masses of Tenodera sinensis, (Orthoptera: Mantidae). The egg masses of Tenodera sinensis vary much in size, a large mass measures one and a third inches, by an inch and an eighth, while the smaller ones measure an inch by seven-eighths of an inch. From a large mass 289 nymphs emerged, while from a small mass 139 emerged. This gives an average of 214 nymphs to an egg mass. PHILIP LAURENT. 1, '39] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 51 Current Entomological Literature COMPILED BY V. S. L. PATE, LAURA S. MACKEY and E. T. CRESSON, J. Under the above head it is intended to note papers received at the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia pertaining to the En- tomology of the Americas (North and South), including Arachnida and Myriopoda. Articles irrelevant to American entomology will not be noted; but contributions to anatomy, physiology and embryology of insects, however, whether relating to American or exotic species will be recorded. This list gives references of the current or preceding year unless other- wise noted. All continued papers, with few exceptions, are recorded only at their first installment. For records of Economic Literature, see the Experiment Station Rec- ord, Office of Experiment Stations, Washington. Also Review of Applied Entomology, Series A, London. For records of papers on Medical Ento- mology, see Review of Applied Entomology, Series B. Note. References to papers containing new forms or names not BO stated In titles are followed by (*); if containing keys are followed by (k): papers pertaining exclusively to neotropical species, and not so Indicated In the title, have the symbol (S) at the end of the title of the paper. The figures within brackets [ ] refer to the Journal in which the paper appeared, as numbered in the list of Periodicals and Serials published In our January and June issues. This list may be secured from the pub- lisher of Entomological News for lOc. The number of, or annual volume, and in some cases the part, heft, &c., the latter within ( ) follows; then the pagination follows the colon : Papers published In the Entomological News are not listed. GENERAL. Cole, A. C. Insect collecting in the Great Smoky Mts. National Park, Tenn. [J. Tenn. Acad. Sci.] 13 -274-276. Jenks, G. E. Marvels of metamorphosis. [Nat. Geogr. Mag.] 74:807-828, ill. Kozhantchikov, I. V. On the role of metamorphosis in the zonal distribution of insects. [C. R. Acad. Sci. URSS] 20:199-201. Lutz, F. E. The in- sect glee club at the microphone. [Natural History] 42 :338- 345, 11. McClure, H. E. Insect aerial populations. [7] 31 : 504-513, ill. Steyskal, G. Notes on preparation technique. [19] 33:235. Weber, N. A. The food of the giant toad, Bufo marinus, in Trinidad and British Guiana with special reference to the ants. [7] 31 :499-503. Woodward, A. The "Honey" of the earlv California Indians a strange ethno- logical" error. [The Masterkey] 12:175-180. ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY, ETC. Balsac, H. Heim de. See under Coleoptera. Carlson, J. G. Mitotic be- havior of induced chromosomal fragments lacking spindle attachments in the neuroblasts of the grasshopper. [Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci.] 24 :500-507, ill. Cooper, R. H. Notes on the internal anatomy of Canthon laevis (Coleo: Scarab.). [Iowa St. Coll. J. Sci!] 12:461-466, ill. Cumley & Haberman.- Serological investigation of Drosophila antigens with the complement fixment reaction. [6] 46:401-415. DiMaria, G. Richerche sulla vita asettica. Studio sul fabbisogno vita- minico e sell'azione svolta dai microorganism! per lo sviluppo 52 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Feb., '39 della Sarcophaga. [Arch. Zool. Ital.] 25:469-507, ill. Dit- man & Weiland. The Metabolism of the corn ear worm. II. Glycogen and moisture. [7] 31 :578-587. Englehardt, G. P. An incidental observation on phototropism. [19] 33 :223. Gerould, J. H. Structure actions of the heart of Bombyx mori and other insects. [ Acta Zoologica, Stockholm] 19:297-353, ill. Gosswald, K. Ueber den einfluss von ver- schiedener Temperatur und Luftfeuchtigkeit auf die Leben- sausserungen der Ameisen. 1. Die Lebensdauer okologisch verschiedener Ameisenarten unter den Einfluss bestimmter Luftfeuchtigkeit und Temperatur. [94] 151:337-381, ill. Guareschi, C. Ricerche sperimentali sulla ninfosi degli in- setti, II. [Arch. Zool. Ital.] 25:133-197, ill. Harries & Hen- derson. Growth of insects with reference to progression factors for successive growth stages. [7] 31 :557-572. Has- kins & Enzmann. On a characteristic somatic modification induced by adverse environmental conditions in Drosophila. [6] 46 : 453-455. Hsueh, Mu-Lien. A study of the treachea- tion and venation of Gampsocleis gratiosa (Orth :Tettigon.). [Peking Nat. Hist. Bull.] 13:19-27, ill. Korschelt, E.- Einige Bemerkungen zur Frage des Muskelansatzes und der Muskelnervenverbindung. [94] 151 :286-290. Lotmar, R.- Untersuchtungen ueber den Eisenstoffwechsel der Insekten besonders der Honigbiene. [Rev. Suisse Zool.] 45:237-271. Ludwig & Fox. Growth and survival of Japanese beetle larvae reared in different media. [7] 31 :445-456. Mueller, K. Histologische Untersuchungen ueber der Entwick- lungsbeginn bei einem Kleinschmetterling (Plodia inter- punctella). [94] 151:192-242,111. Pflugfelder, O. Weitere experimentelle Untersuchungen ueber die Funktion der corpora allata von Dixippus morosus. [94] 151 :149-191, ill. Platania, E. Ricerche sulla struttura del tubo digerente di Reticulitermes lucifugus, con particolara riguardo all natura, origine e funzione della peritrofica. [Arch. Zool. Ital.] 25: 297-328, ill. Rau, Phil. Additional observations on the sleep of insects. [7] 31 :540-556, ill. Snodgrass, R. E. Evolution of the Annelida, Onychophora and Arthropoda. [Smithson. Misc. Coll.] 97, no. 6 :l-59, ill. The loral plates and the hypo- pharynx of Hemiptera. [10] 40:228-236, ill. Stanley, T.- The egg-producing capacity of populations of Tribolium confusum as affected by intensive cannibalistic egg-con- sumption. [Can. J. Res".] 16:300-306. Stirrett, G. M. A field study of the flight, oviposition and establishment period in the life cycle of the European corn borer, Pyrausta nubi- 1, '39] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 53 alls, and the physical factors affecting them. [Scientific Agr.] 18 :355-369 ; 462-484 ; 536-557 ; 568-585 ; 656-683, ill. Szekessy, W. Ein bisher unbekannter sprungapparat bei Koleop- teren. [97] 58:435-440, ill. Terio, B. Influenza della luce bianca e delle luci monocromatiche sullo sviluppo somatico e sulla funzionelita degli organi genitali esperienza zu Sar- cophaga carnaria. [Arch. |Zool. Ital.] 25 :457-468, ill. Walker, E. M. The cervical and thoracic exoskeleton of Gryllo- blatta. [Trans. R. Soc. Can.] 32(3) :151. On the anatomy of Grylloblatta campodeiformis. 3. Exoskeleton and muscu- lature of the neck and thorax. [7] 31 :588-640, ill. Wight & Barua. Toxicity of mercury vapor to insects. [31] 142 :754. Williams, E. C. Spermatogenesis of a Mantid. Choeradodis rhombicollis. [Trans. Amer. Micros. Soc.] 57:387-394, ill. ARACHNIDA AND MYRIOPODA. Aragao, H. de Beaurepaire. Nota sobre os Ixodideos da Republica Argen- tina. [Ill] 33:319-327. Chamberlin, R. V. New Diplopods. [95] 51 :205-208. Fage, L. Quelques Arachnides provenant de fourmilieres ou de termitieres du Costa Rica. [Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat., Paris] 10:369-376, ill., (*). Grandjean, F.- Observations sur les Tydeidae. [Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat., Paris] (2)10:377-384, ill. Hubbard, W. E. Ophiopneumi- cola colubri n. gen., n. sp., a lung mite from a snake. [Trans. Amer. Micros. Soc.] 57:400-406, ill. Jenks, G. E. See un- der General. Loomis, H. F. New and noteworthy Millipeds from Cuba, collected by Dr. P. J. Darlington in 1936. [Bull. M. C. Z., Harvard] 82:429-480, ill. The Cambaloid milli- peds of the U. S., including a family new to the fauna and n. genn. & spp. [50] 86:27-66, ill., (k). de Mello-Leitao, C.- Notas sobre Alacranes Argentines. [Not. Mus. La Plata] 3; Zool. no. 9:83-95, ill. (*). Savory, T. H. Notes on the biology of harvestmen. [J. Quekett Microsc. Club] 1 (4) : 89-94. Sellnick, M. Eine neue Anoplocelaeno-Art aus einem Nest der Blattschneiderameise Atta sexdens (Acar.). [34] 122:5-70, ill., (*). Stiles, K. A. The first record of the black widow spider (Latrodectus mactans texanus) from Iowa. [Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci.] 44:213. THE SMALLER ORDERS OF INSECTS. Banks, N. Notes on native Myrmeleonidae (Neuropt.). [7] 31:413- 421, ill., (k*). Bragg, A. N. An early swarming of termites. [Proc. Okla. Acad. Sci.] 18:17. Eastnam, L. Movements of the gills of Ephemerid nymphs in relation to the water cur- 54 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Feb., '39 rents produced by them. [J. Ouekett Microsc. Club] 1(4) : 95-99. Eichler, W. Einige bemerkungen zur Ernahrung und Eiablage der Mallophagen. [I. Sitzgber. Ges. Natur- forsch. Fr. Berlin] 1937:80-111. Ghidini, G. M. Ninfe- soldati in Reticulitermes lucifugus ottenute in allevamento. [Arch. Zool. Ital.] 25:93-109, ill. Hood, J. D. Seven new Phlaeothripidae from the United States (Thysanoptera). [19] 33:205-218. Kennedy, C. H. Aeshna biliosa, a new dragonfly from Andean Ecuador and Peru. [7] 31:573-576, ill. Menon, R. Two n. spp. of Pachytroctidae (Copeog- natha) with a note on the family. [Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci.] 8(B) :280-287. Milne, M. J. The "Metamorphotype Method" in Trichoptera. [6] 46:435-437. Rogers, A. F.- Fossil termite pellets in opalized wood from Santa Maria, California. [Amer. J. Sci.] 36:389-392, ill. Womersley, H.- On two n. spp. of Protura from Iowa. [19] 33:219-223, ill. (k). ORTHOPTERA. Drake & Decker. Grasshoppers in Iowa in 1936. [Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci.] 44:189-192, ill. Gould & Deay. The biology of the American cockroach. [7] 31 :489-498, ill. Rehn, j' W. H. Notes on the genus Haaniella with the description of a n. sp. (Phasmatidae). [1] 64:367-371. HEMIPTERA. Allard, H. A. Notes on some Cicadas in Virginia and West Virginia. [6] 46:449-452. Beamer & Lawson. The gen. Acinopterus (Cicadell.). [7] 31 :476-488, ill., (k*). Caldwell, J. S. Three n. spp. of Psyllids and the description of the allotype of Livia opaqua. [7] 31 :442-444, ill. Decker & Andre. Biological notes on Blissus iowensis (Lygaeid.). [7] 31 :457-466, ill. Dias & Torrealba Infeccao naturae do Eutriatoma maculata pelo Schizotrypanum cruzi, no Brazil e na Venezuela. [Ill] 33 :249-252, ill. Hunger- ford, H. B. Mesoveloidea williamsi a note on its distribu- tion. [19] 33:218. Knull & Auten. Some Erythroneura from the southwest (Cicadell.). [7] 31:532-539, ill., (*). Metcalf, Z. P. The Fulgorina of Barro Colorado and other parts of Panama. [Bull. M. C. Z. Harvard] 82:277-423, ill., (k*). Ruckes, H. Two n. spp. of Brochymena (Pentatom.) from Arizona. [19] 33:236-242, ill. Spobner, C. S. Berbid field days. [Trans. 111. St. Acad. Sci.] 30:315-316. Strom, L. G. N. spp. of Aphids with notes on described forms. [7] 31:471-475, ill. 1, '39] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS LEPIDOPTERA.d' Almeida, R. F. Nota supplemen- tar a "Rcvisao das Terias Americanas" (Pierid). [Ill] 33: 231-247, ill., (S). Bell, E. L. A catalogue of the original descriptions of the Rhopalocera found north of the Mexican border. [Bull. Cheyenne Mt. Mus.] 1 ; no. 1. Clark & Clark. -Notes on Virginia butterflies. [95] 51 :177-181. Oiticica Filho, T. Uma nova especie do genero Eacles (Syssphing.). [Ill] 33:281-290, ill., (S). Scott, F. B. Notes on Indian hawkmoths. [J. Darjeeling Nat. Hist. Soc.] 13:74-89, ill. Stirrett, G. M. See under Anatomy. Travassos Filho, L. Contribuicao ao conhecimento dos Euchromiidae genero Corematura. [HI] 33:259-262, ill., (S). Contribuicao ao conhecimento dos Euchromiidae. I. Genero Desmotricha. [Ill] 33:39-48, ill, (S*). Warren, B. C. S. On the evolu- tion of subspecies as demonstrated by the alternation of variability existing in the subspecies of the genus Erebia. [J. Linn." Soc. London] 40:305-323. DIPTERA. Cooper, K. W. Concerning the origin of the polytene chromosomes of Diptera. [Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci.] 24:452-458. Enderlein, G. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Syrphiden. [II, Sitzgber. Ges. Naturforsch. Fr. Berlin] 1937:192-237, (S*). Harant & Richard. Introduction syn- optique a 1'etude des larves de Nematoceres. [Bull. Soc. Etude Sci. Nat. Beziers] 41 : 76-89. Heiss, E. M. A classi- fication of the larvae and puparia of the Syrphidae of Illinois exclusive of aquatic forms. [111. Biol. Monogr.] 16, no. 4: 104 pp., ill., (k). Hurlbut, H. S. Further notes on the overwintering of the eggs of Anopheles walkeri with descrip- tion of the eggs (Culic.). ]J. Parasitology) 24:521-523. Jenks, G. E. See under General. Lopes, H. de Souza. Notas sobre Sarcophagidae Neotropicos. [Ill] 33:333-348, ill., (*). Pechuman, L. L. Additions to the New York State list of Tabanidae. [6] 46 :457-460. Richards, A. G.- Notes on the biology of mosquitoes of Long Island, N. Y., with special reference to the species found on and adjacent to the salt marsh (in Mosquitoes & Mosquito Control on Long Island). [N. Y. S. Mus. Bull.] 316 :123-180, ill. Ronna, A. Piolho ou pulga de abelha (Braula caeca). [Rev. Dep. Nac. Prod. Animal] 3:143-148, ill. Rulitzov, I. A. The development centers and migration routes of Simuliidae (in Russ.). [Priroda] 7-8:73-83, ill. Sabrosky, C. W. Taxo- nomic notes on the Dipterous family Chloropidae. I. [6] 46:417-434, ill., (k*). Stone, A. The horseflies of the sub- 56 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Feb., '39 family Tabaninae of the Nearctic region. [U. S. D. A. Misc. Publ.] 305:1-172, ill., (k*). Weyer, F. Ein zwitter von Culex pipiens. [34] 123:184-192, ill. COLEOPTERA. Ballou & Seipmann. Hister ciliatus recorded from Arizona. [19] 33:242-243. Balsac, H. Heim de. Commensalisme ornithophile de Coleopteres Staphylin- ides ; son determinisme par exigences thermique de matura- tion des gonades. [C. R. Acad. Sci., Paris] 207:644-646. Blackman, M. W. The genus Chramesus in North Amer- ica (Scolytid). [91] 28:534-545, ill., (k*). Chamberlin, W. J. New Buprestidae from California. [6] 46:445-447. da Costa Lima, A. Um novo gorgulho, broca da couve (Curculio.). [Ill] 33:49-52, ill., (S). See under Hymenop- tera. Saylor, L. W. Some new Neotropical Scarab beetles. [95] 51:185-190. Schedl, K. E. Scolytidae und Platypo- didae. 48. Beitrag die Gattungen Coccotrypes, Poecilips, Thamnurgides und Dendrurgus, nebst Beschreibung einer neuer Art. [58] 10, no. 219:8-12, ill., (Sk*). Seevers, C. H.- The termitophilous Coleoptera occurring in the United States. [7] 31:422-441, ill., (*). HYMENOPTERA. Batt, R. Der bienenwolf (Philan- thus triangulum). [Natur & Volk] 68:291-295. Breland, O. P. Phylogeny of some Callimomid genera (Chalcid.). [6] 46:355-400, ill. Cockerell, T. D. A. Bees collected on the California islands in the spring of 1938. [Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist.] 9(9) :37-38. da Costa Lima, A.- Sobre dois Calcidideos parasites de larvas de Curculionidae (Pteromalid). [Ill] 33:329-331, ill., (S*). Ditmars, R. L. A colony of parasol ants. [Bull. N. Y. Zool. Soc.] 41 : 183-188, ill. Gahan, A. B. Notes on some genera and species of Chalcidoidea. [10] 40:209-227, (k*). Gontarski, H. Aus dem Leben der Bienenkonigin. [Natur & Volk] 68:284-291, ill. Jenks, G. E. See under General. Kapabaeb, B. The biology of the honey ant. [Priroda] 9:75-76, (in Russ.). Krombein, K. V. Descriptions of four new wasps (Sapy- gidae, Sphecidae). [7] 31:467-470. Michener, C. D. American bees of the genus Heriades. [7] 31 :514-531, ill., (k*). Middlekauff, W. W. Occurrence of an European sawfly, Acantholyda erythrocephala (L.), in New York State. [6] 46:438. Pate,' V. S. L. Studies in the Pemphre- donine Wasps (Sphecidae). II. Records and descriptions of new forms in the Ammoplanoid Complex from the south- 1, '39] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 57 western United States. [1] 64:373-420, ill., (k*). Rau, Phil. Studies in the ecology and behavior of Polistes wasps (Vespid.). [19] 33:224-235. Scheuring, K. Bemerkens- weiten Brutplatz der Mauerbiene. [Natur & Volk] 68:351- 352, ill. Soraci, F. A. Distribution of the sawfly (Acan- tholyda erythrocephala L.) in New Jersey [6] 46:444. Stitz, H. Einige Ameisen aux Mexiko. [I. Sitzgber. Ges. Natur- forsch. Fr. Berlin] 1937:132-136, ill., (*). Walrecht, B. T. T. R. Nog eens : de overwintering van Vespa crabro. [58] 10:31-32. Weber, N. A. See under General. Zahl & Ras- kins. Black demons of the jungle (Formicidae). [Nature Mag.] 32:15-17, ill., (S). SPECIAL NOTICES. ANNUAL REPORT OF THE INSTITUTE FOR MEDICAL RESEARCH FOR THE YEAR 1937. By A. NEAVE KINGSBURY, Director. Federated Malay States, Kuala Lumpur, v -(- 174 pp., 1938. This Institute for Medical Research comprises Divisions of Bacteriology, Chemistry, Entomology, Filariasis Enquiry, Malaria Research, Pathology, Rat Virus Enquiry, and a Ser- ological and Medico-Legal section. The work of at least four of these includes entomological topics. A general review of the work of the year is furnished by the Director preceding the more detailed reports from each division. It appears that filariasis, including at least 50,000 cases of elephantiasis, is more wide-spread than had been previously thought. Re- searches by Mr. E. P. Hodgkin indicate that five species of the mosquito genus Mansonia are actual or possible carriers of Wuchcrcria bancrofti and Micro filaria malayi. The number of species of anopheline mosquitoes acting as carriers of malaria continues to be increased. Much attention is being given to investigations of rural tropical typhus, considered to be caused by the same virus as Japanese River Fever, and to urban trop- ical typhus and the question of transmission of the latter by the rat flea, Xenopsylla chcopis. ENDEMIC FILARIASIS IN THE FEDERATED MALAY STATES. By J. ORDE POYNTON and E. P. HODGKIN. Bulletins from The Institute for Medical Research, Federated Malay States, Kuala Lumpur, No. 1, 1938. 67 pp., 1 colored plate illustrating typical elephantiasis clue to Microfilaria malayi. - - From the summary of conclusions we quote as follows: Two species of the FUariidac are responsible for filariasis in the Federated Malay States. Wuchcreria bancrofti is found sporadically 58 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Feb., '39 distributed among immigrants from India and China, but is only rarely transmitted in this country. Microfilaria malayi \-:> endemic in certain riverine areas, in which it is transmitted freely by certain mosquitoes of the genus Mansonia. Infesta- tion with ]\If. malayi may give rise to adenitis, periodic lymph- angitis, and to elephantiasis in which the feet and legs are typically involved. The intensity of endemic filariasis on the lower reaches of the Pahang, Perak and Bernam rivers is sufficient to warrant action towards arresting the spread of this disease, being responsible for a considerable degree of incapacity among adult males. At the present time the disease is tending to increase in certain areas, and it is in these in particular that action is indicated as numbers of children are becoming involved. The methods of treatment at present avail- able are not satisfactory, and there is scope for further ex- perimentation in this direction. The control of the vector mosquitoes presents many difficulties, but is the logical method, combined with other means of interrupting transmission, by which to approach the elimination of the endemic filariasis that is caused by Mf. malayi in this country. OBITUARY GUILLAUME SEVERIN. The compte rendu of the monthly meeting of the Entomo- logical Society of Belgium of August 6, 1938, states : We have learned of the decease, on July 23 last, of M. Guillaume Severin, former member of the society and honorary conservator of the entomological section of the Royal Museum of Natural History of Belgium. M. Severin died suddenly of an embolism while he was determining some insects captured by him the day be- fore. The Faune of M. Lameere was found open by his side. An obituary notice by M. Lameere will appear in this number. We translate this notice as follows : GUILLAUME SEVERIN (1862-1938) by A. LAMEERE. Our former colleague died un- expectedly, the 23d of July last, aged 76 years, at Saint Idesbald. Although even before his retirement as conservator from the Museum of Natural History on reaching the age limit, he had withdrawn from our society, the services which he rendered to entomology in our country are too important that we should forbear to pay him an affectionate tribute.- 1, '39] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 59 G. Severin, born at The Hague, was a decorative industrial designer at Liege when his health, momentarily weakened, brought him to the attention of Dr. Ernest Candeze. Our illus- trious colleague advised him to go out as much as possible in the open air, and, that he might have some objective for his walks in the country, to interest himself in insects. Thus it was that G. Severin became an entomologist and began to occupy himself with the Coleoptera. In 1889 he published in our An- iiales a Catalogue des Gyrinidcs. On the recommendation of Dr. Candeze and of Edmund de Selys-Longchamps, who had come to appreciate his merits, he was named, on the resignation of Al- fred Preudhomme de Borre, aid-naturalist to the Museum, then promoted to be conservator of the section of Articulata. He ful- filled these functions with a remarkable comprehension of his duties and with untiring devotion. Under his excellent admin- istration, and thanks to his enlightened zeal, the collections made real progress and he contributed much to bring us new adepts in entomology. We owe to him the creation of ecological collections of native insects, in the formation of which he de- voted years to the exploration of the country. He interested himself actively in the organization of the In- ternational Congress of Entomology and was the secretary of the first congress, held at Brussels, in 1910. His relations with foreigners permitted him to determine to which of the different museums of Europe collections should be sent to be studied. It was he also who assumed the task of obtaining collaborators for the Catalogue des Collections d'Edrnond de Selys Long- champs and overseeing the publication of this valuable summary. G. Severin also devoted a portion of his activity to our School of Tropical Medicine, where he taught the doctors who were preparing to go to the Congo some ideas of entomology neces- sary for their mission. From the moment when he was nominated to the Museum of Natural History, he consecrated himself entirely to his admin- istrative functions and published only some papers on applied entomology as a member of the Superior Council of Waters and Forests. 60 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Feb., '39 Gifted with great intelligence, with highly developed practi- cal sense, both artist and musician, of impulsive character, he had the affection of all entomologists. We shall preserve the fondest memories of him. [This notice is accompanied by a portrait.] (Bull. & Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. 78 (8-9), pp. 311-314, Sept. 26, 1938.) We are indebted to Professor Lameere and to the Societe Entomologique de Belgique, through its Secretary, M. A. Crevecoeur, for permission to publish this translation. The translator went to the Museum at Brussels on July 31, 1895, and "found M. Severin there to whom I delivered the letter of introduction from Baron de Selys and also one from Mr. Blandford of London. There also I met M. Lameere to whom M. Severin introduced me. M. Severin was very atten- tive and, as the Baron had requested in the letter, showed me the collection of insects, etc., and also the chief feature of this museum the complete skeletons of the fossil reptiles known as Iguanodons found in Belgium. . . . Severin came to the United States on the occasion of the International Congress of Zoology held at Boston, in August, 1907, and subsequently visited museums in a number of cities, seeking support and subscriptions to the Selys Catalogue. Ap- peals which he later wrote for the same object were published in the NEWS for March, 1919 (volume xxx, pp. 84-85) and in Science (n. s. 49 (1263) :264-265, March, 14, 1919), in which he incidentally refers to the loss of his son in the great war, "a fine boy of 24 years, a captain of engineers." A later note on "The Cause of the Delay of Publication of the Selys Catalogue" by Severin appeared in the NEWS for October 1919 (xxx, pp. 229-230). After his retirement from the Museum, in September, 1927, he lived for a while at La Panne, on the Belgian coast, not far from Calais. He came from there to Brussels in July, 1929, when we were at the Museum and gave us much assistance with de Sely's drawings and manuscripts in connection with a study of the Odonate Palaemnema. How great a help he was to the late E. B. Williamson is recorded in the latter's papers on American Gynacanthas and on Heteragrlon. His passing severs another link ifi the chain which bound us to the older students in Europe of the Odonata. PHILIP P. CALVERT. Thin column is intended only for wants and exchange!, not for advertisements of goods for sale or services rendered. Notices not exceeding three lines free to subscribers. These notices are continued as long as our limited space will allow; the new onei are added at the end of the column, and, only when necessary those at the top ( being longest in ) are discontinued. Wanted Chrysalids of Papilio ajax and philenor, cocoons of Roths- childia orizaba and jorulla. Buy or exchange. Newark Entomological Society. Curator, Chas. Rummel, Green Village Rd., R. D. 2, Madison, New Jersey. Have large list of Lepidoptera wants and offers. Send me yourt. Carpenter, Box 1344, Hartford, Conn. Geometers Wanted from all parts of United States and Canada, for cash or in exchange for butterflies. Noctuids or other Geometers. Edwin I. Guedet, P. O. Box 305, Napa, California. Mr. Robert "Colegio de la Salle, Vedado, Habana, Cuba," offers Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Land and Sea Shells, Bird Skins, Botanical Specimens, Cuban Cactus and cleaned "Diatom" Material. Wanted for cash or exchange any pamphlets dealing with the American Hesperiidae. K. J. Hayward, Entomologist, Concordia Experiment Station, E. R. Argentine. Wanted Megathymus streckeri from S. W. Colo, or New Mex. Also from Texas. Also M. yuccae from Colo. Offer in exch. Meg. lettssleri Holl. (Nebr. race streckeri). R. A. Leussler, 115 S. 52nd St., Omaha, Nebr. Wanted Cantharidae of the United States, esp. those of the genus Cantharis. Will exchange named beetles of Oregon. K. M. Fender, 930 S. Davis St., McMinnville, Oregon. Desired Ichneumonidae. Especially Tryphoninae of the world for revisionary work. Will exchange or purchase acceptable ma- terial. Andrew R. Park, Jr., c/o State Dept. of Public Health, 1800 F ; llmore Street, Chicago, Illinois. Lucanidae of the world. Will determine, exchange or purchase. Desire especially neotropical material for revisional work. Bernard Benesh, Box 159, North 'Chicago, 111. 60 Cocoons, carefully fed, of Samia nokomis for Comstock's Cali- fornia Butterflies and 40 for Holland's Butterflies, Vol. 2. Both either new or second, or will exchange nokomis cocoons for de- sirable butterflies, Papilio, Argynnis or Megathymus. Jack Dennis. Beulah, Manitoba, Canada. Desired Dolichopodidae of western United States and Canada. Will determine for privilege of retaining duplicates. F. C. Harmston, Ento- mology Dept., Utah Agric. College, Logan, Utah. Wanted. Chrysididae and Cleptidae of the world for cash or for exchange and determination, especially Nearctic and Neotrooical material, for revisional purposes. W. G. Bodenstein, Dept. of Ento- mology, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. RECENT LITERATURE [PUBLISHED AND FOR SALE BY THE AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 1900 RACE STREET, PHILADELPHIA, PA. COLEOPTERA 1044. Robinson (M.). Studies in the Scarabaeidae. (64: 107- 116, figs., 1938) 20 1053. Blaisdell (F. E.). A study of the species of Hispinae belonging to the genus Stenopodius, with descrip- tions of new species (Chrysomelidae). (64:421-447, 3 pis., 1939) 60 DIPTERA 1047. Fisher (E. G.). North American fungus gnats (Myce- tophilidae). (64: 195-200, pi., 1938) 20 1050. Cresson (E. T., Jr.). The Neriidae and Micropezidae of America north of Mexico. (64:293-366, 3 pis., 1938) 1.50 HYMENOPTERA 1045. Pate (V. S. L.). Studies in the Nyssonine wasps (Sphe- cidae). IV. New or redefined gen. of the tribe Nys- sonini, with descr. of n. sps. (64: 117-190, 2 pis., 1938) 1.50 1049. Krombein (K. V.). Studies in the Tiphiidae. II. A revision of the Nearctic Myzininae (Aculeata). (64: 227-292, 1938) 1.30 1052. Pate (V. S. L.). Studies in the Pemphredonine wasps. II. Records and descriptions of new forms in the Ammoplanoid complex from the southwestern U. S. (Sphecidae). (64:373-420, 2 pis., 1939) 1.00 ORTHOPTERA 1042. Rehn and Rehn. The post-oak locust (Dendrotettix quercus) in the eastern U. S., with notes on macropter- ism in the species (Acrididae). (64: 79-95, 2 pis., 1938) .45 1048. Rehn and Hebard. New genera and species of West Indian Acrididae, with notes on previously-known species. (64: 201-226, 1 pi., 1938) 55 1051. Rhen (J. W. H.). Notes on the genus Haaniella, with the description of a new species (Phasmatidae). (64: 367-371, 1 pi., 1938) 20 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST A quarterly journal of general entomology published by the Pacific Coast Entomological Society. It features insect problems of the Pacific area but is in no way confined to that region. The systematic and biological phases of entomology are stressed including articles on insect taxonomy morphology, life history, and distribution. Subscription price $2.00 per yearly volume of about two hundred pages. A few complete sets of the thirteen back volumes are still available at no increase in price. Address: California Academy of Sciences San Francisco, California FOR SALE FINE CDLLECTIDN DF BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS Native and exotics, over 16,000 specimens in four cabinets, all deter- mined and locality given. Over 500 different Papilios. Will sell entire collec- tion or single specimens or lots. Also LIVING CDCODNS AND PU PAE at very reasonable prices Herman J. Erb 9425 97th St., Ozone Park. Long Island, New York PERU BEETLES FROM THE PRIMITIVE FOREST AND BUTTERFLIES OF THE BEST QUALITY AND AT THE CHEAPEST PRICES PEDRO PAPRZYCKI, SATIPO, PERU, SOUTH AMERICA PANAMA CANAL ZONE INSECTS Determined material by the specimen: Diurnal Lepidoptera, Sphingidae, Saturnidae, Scarabaeidae, Carabidae. Write for price list. Undetermined material in several orders available in lots: Make offer in terms of rate per specimen. R. M. FOX, 8324 Ditman Street, Philadelphia, Pa. YOU'LL LIKE THIS PINNING EQUIPMENT Ward's offers a complete line of equipment for easy handling of mounted specimens. The Cresson Pinning Forcep, at $6.50, is recognized as the world's finest forcep and is recommended where pinning is done regularly. The Akhurst Forcep, a bargain at $1.25, is suitable for beginners or for entomologists who do a limited amount of pinning. A handy device, too, is our pin holder, a hard wood block designed to hold readily accessible six sizes of insect pins, 30c. Your collection will look better if you use Ward's 3-hoIe pinning block, which will place specimens and labels at uniform heights on the pin. 40c. W A R D' S NATURAL SCIENCE ESTABLISHMENT ine^ The Frank A . Wa rd Foundation of Natural Science of the University of Rochester READ WARD'S ENTOMOLOGICAL BULLETIN ... iitucd monthly 300 NORTH GOODMAN STREET ROCHESTER .... NEW YORK FOR SALE Seitz: Lepidoptera of the World, well bound and in good condition: Palearctic Lepidoptera, complete in 8 vols. (cost $130.00) $75.00. Ditto Supplement, 1 vol. $25.00. Indo-Australian Butterflies, 2 vols. ($120.00) $60.00, ditto Sphinges and Bom- byces, 2 vols. ($60.00) $30.00. American Butterflies, 2 vols. ($125 00) $65.00. African Butterflies, 2 vols. $60.00 209 parts (cost $250.00) $75.00. Swynnerton and Hon. Ormsby-Gore: Tsetse Flies of East Africa, ($27.50) $12.00. Donovan: Insects of India, scarce, $12.00. Curtis: British Entomology, complete in 8 vols. ($140.00) $70.00. Trans, of Royal Entomological Society of London, /^cost. Meyers: Insect Singers, Cicadas, new ($5.25) $2.00. Donisthorpe: British Ants, new, ($5.25) $2.00. Ditto Guests of Ants, $2.00. Others. Postage extra. Fine Assam butterflies in papers (many Papilios) $6.00 per 100. Fine Morphos, bred Urania riphaeus at cheap rates per dozen or 100. British Lepidoptera, named: 500 species 2 cents each, 1000 do. 3 cents each, 1500 5 cents each. British Coleoptera, same rates. 42 Irving Road A. FORD Bournemouth, England Subscriptions for 1939 are now due. ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS MARCH, 1939 Vol. L ' MAR 14 1939 No . 3 _ , __ CONTENTS Rau Notes on the Behavior of Certain Social Caterpillars (Lepid.: Notodontidae, Arctiidae) 61 Vige A New Syrphid Fly from Louisiana (Diptera) 66 Williams The Mating and Egg-laying of Malacosoma americana (Lepid : Lasiocampidae) 69 Fox Notes on Melinaea lilis D. & H. With the Description of a New Subspecies. (Lepidoptera: Ithomiinae). . . 72 Hayes A Bibliography of Keys for the Identification of Immature In- sects. Part I. Diptera 76 Rehn Anisoptera Schneider a Homonym (Neuroptera: Mantispidae). 82 Mutant Body Colors in aParasitic Wasp (Hym.: Braconidae) 82 Current Entomological Literature 83 Obituary B. Preston Clark, Dr. Wilton Everett Britton 90 PHILADELPHIA, PA. THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES, 1900 Race Street Entered at the Philadelphia, Pa., Post Office as Second Class Matter. Acceptance for mailing at the special rate of postage prescribed for in Section 1. Act of Octobrr J, 1917, authorized January 15, 1921. ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS published monthly, excepting August and September, by The American Entomological Society. Philip P. Calvert, Ph.D., Editor; E. T. Cresson, Jr., R. G. Schmieder, Ph.D., V. S. L. Pate, Associate Editors. Advisory Committee: Philip Laurent, J. A. G. Rehn, Chas. Liebeck, J. Chester Bradley, Ph.D., Frank Morton Jones, Sc.D., John C. Lutz, Max Kisliuk, Jr., Wm. 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Stated Meetings of The American Entomological Society will be held at 8.00 P. M., in 1939, on the fourth Thursday of each month excepting June, July, August, November and December, and on the third Thursday of November and December. Communications on observations made in the course of your studies are solicited; also exhibits of any specimens you consider of interest. The printer of the "News" will furnish reprints of articles, without covers, over and above the twenty-five given free at the following rates: One or two pages, twenty-five copies, 35 cents; three or four pages, twenty-five copies. 70 cents; five to eight pages, twenty-five copies, $1.40; nine to twelve pages, twenty-five copies, $2.00; each half-tone plate, twenty-five copies. 30 cents; each plate of line cuts, twenty-five copies. 25 cents; greater numbers of copies will be at the corresponding multiples of these rates. Printed orert for 50 copies, $4.00 or more, according to number of pages bound. Stamps will not be accepted in payment of Reprints ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS VOL. L. MARCH, 1939 No. 3 Notes on the Behavior of Certain Social Caterpillars (Lepid.: Notodontidae, Arctiidae). By PHIL RAU, Kirkwood, Missouri. Naturalists today, in their study of societal evolution, realize the importance of gathering' behavior data on organisms that have the ear-marks of the beginnings and also of the inter- mediate stages of socialization. Heretofore, social life among certain Hymenoptera and other highly socially organized insects was accepted without much thought as to the origin of such socialization. With the appearance, during the last decade, of books by Wheeler 1 , Alverdes 2 , and Alice 3 on the origin and evolution of social life among insects, one's attention is focused on the fact that social habits in one form or other, some weak and some strong, some at one stage of organic development, some at another, appear in insect groups that heretofore were thought to be entirely solitary. Certain beetles, bugs, cater- pillars, and other insects have recently attracted attention be- cause of behaviour patterns that indicate conditions of incipient social behavior. The lepidopterous caterpillars that show a tendency in this direction have been all but neglected ; some attention has, how- ever, been given to the problem of the different types of social and sub-social behavior in caterpillars by Harold I. O'Byrne. In his paper entitled "Gregarious caterpillars 4 ," he tells us that social behavior in these organisms has arisen independently in certain species belonging to at least twenty-four of the sixty families of Lepidoptera. Most important of all, however, is the service he has rendered us in classifying this behavior. He places the gregarious habit in five distinct categories: (1) [ Wheeler, W. M. The Social Insects. 1928. 2 Alverdes, F. Social Life in the Insect World. 1927. 3 Alice, W. C. Animal Aggregations. 1'UI. 4 Proc. Mo. Acad. Sci. 3: 103-108. 1937. 61 0.2 F.XTOMOl.OGU'U NFNVS ( Mar.. '3 those \vhicli are gregarious only in early larval life, (2^ those which are gp g .-.'ions in the early stages and remain so until later larval stages, ^3") those which remain precarious through various stages until the time for hibernation ami then, upon awakening-, pass the balance of the larval period as solitary caterpillars. (4*) those which are gregarious at birth and remain so until ready to pupate, but which become solitary before pupation. ^5") those which pupate without separating. He ends his paper with a plea for the acquisition of additional data on this subject and says that since our knowledge of the utility and also the meaning of gregariousness in caterpillars is almost ;;//". a serious need is felt for observational as well as experi- mental work. \Yith these needs in mind, I paid some attention to a few species of social caterpillars during the summer of 137. and the results of those observations follow. DATAXA PERSPICUA. Or. &- Rolv'. In a large and sunny field at the southwest edge of Kirkwood. grow numerous sumac bushes (Rluis alaba L.V There were about two hundred of them, three to four feet tall, growing very close together. On three such plants. (June 30. 1937") within a space of ten square feet. I found three colonies of the c..:erpillars of P.:tc. 1917, authorized January 15, 1921. ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS published monthly, excepting August and September, by The American Entomological Society. Philip P. Calvert, Ph.D., Editor; E. T. Cresson, Jr., R. G. Schmieder, Ph.D., V. S. L. Pate, Associate Editors. Advisory Committee: Philip Laurent, J. A. G. Rehn, Chas. Liebeck, J. Chester Bradley, Ph-D., Frank Morton Jones, Sc.D., John C. Lutz, Max Kisliuk, Jr., Wm. W. Chapman. The subscription price per year of ten (10) numbers is as follows: United States and possessions, Central and South America $3.00, Canada $3.15, Foreign $3.25, Single copies 35 cents. ADVERTISING RATES: Full width of page. Payments in advance. One issue, 1 in., $ 1.20, 3 in., $ 3.00, 5 in., $ 5.00, 7 in., $ 7.00 Ten issues, " 8.00, " 25.00, " 45.00, " 60.00 SUBSCRIPTIONS. All remittances and communications regarding sub- scriptions, non-receipt of the "News" or of reprints, and requests for sample copies, should be addressed to ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS, 1900 Race Street, PHILADELPHIA, PA. MANUSCRIPTS AND ADVERTISEMENTS should be sent to the editor, Dr. P. P. Calvert, Zoological Laboratory, University of Pennsyl- vania, Philadelphia, Pa. TO CONTRIBUTORS. The receipt of all papers will be acknowledged and if they are accepted they will be published as soon as possible. If not accepted, authors will be so advised and postage requested for return of manuscripts. Articles longer than six printed pages will be published in two or more installments, unless the author is willing to pay for the cost of a sufficient number of additional pages in any one issue to enable such an article to appear without division. Proof will be sent to authors. Twenty-five extras (separates) of an author's contribution will be given free when they are requested; they will be "run of form," that is without removal of extraneous matter (parts of other articles at beginning and at end), folded, but unbound, uncut and without covers. Authors wishing more than 25 separates can obtain them, at the rates given at the bottom of this page, by ordering at the time of returning proof. When more than the twenty-five free separates are ordered, ALL the extras will be free of ex- traneous matter. The making of blocks and printing all illustrations will be charged to authors. The editor will furnish cost of same when requested. Stated Meetings of The American Entomological Society will be held at 8.00 P. M., in 1939, on the fourth Thursday of each month excepting June, July, August, November and December, and on the third Thursday of November and December. Communications on observations made in the course of your studies are solicited; also exhibits of any specimens you consider of interest. The printer of the "News" will furnish reprints of articles, without covers, over and above the twenty-five given free at the following rates: One or two pages, twenty-five copies, 35 cents; three or four pages, twenty-five copies, 70 cents; five to eight pages, twenty-five copies, $1.40; nine to twelve pages, twenty-five copies, $2.00; each half-tone plate, twenty-five copies, 30 cents; each plate of line cuts, twenty-five copies, 25 cents; freat'er numbers of copies will be at the corresponding multiples of these rates. Printed overt for SO copies, $4.00 or more, according to number of pages bound. Stamps will not be accepted in payment for Reprint* ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS VOL. L. APRIL, 1939 No. 4 On the Dimorphism of Cocoons of Sphecophaga burra (Cresson). (Hymenoptera: Ichnenmonidae). By RUDOLF G. SCHMIEDER, Zoological Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania. The ichneumonid parasites that inhabit the nests of hornets and yellow-jackets have attracted considerable attention. In 1828, Curtis described the habits of the European species, Sphecophaga vesparum (Curtis), and discussed the problem of the succession of its generations through the year. Since that time this problem has been dealt with by a number of authors, English, German, and French, without, however, receiving a satisfactory solution. The common American species, v$\ burra (Cresson), has not had so many observers, although it presents the same prob- lems that the European species does. In addition, my own observations show that it exhibits a very striking and very puzzling phenomenon, not recorded for the European species, the production of two kinds of individuals, morphologically alike but differing from each other in the length of their life history and in the type of cocoon that they spin. It is the purpose of the present paper to call attention to the interesting problem presented by the existence of these two kinds of indiv- iduals and to record the data which I have gathered in order that others who may come upon parasitized hornets' nests will, it is hoped, be able to make additional observations and per- haps find a solution for questions here left unanswered. SECURING NESTS. In securing nests of hornets and wasps, I observed certain precautions in order to avoid being stung too badly. I used a bee-veil to protect my face, and tied shut my sleeves and trouser legs. After approaching the nest as quietly as possible, I quickly plugged the nest entrance with a wad of absorbent cot- 91 APR 1 7 1" 92 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [April, '39 ton and poured a generous quantity of chloroform over the nest. The chloroform acted upon those hornets that were still in the nest so that the numbers of the defending host did not become too great. Then I enclosed the nest as quickly as pos- sible in a large sheet of mosquito netting and detached it from its support. At the laboratory, I placed the nests in a large can and etherized the inhabitants, then tore the nest apart, and transferred its contents to a wire insect-breeding cage. (If left too long in the mosquito netting, the hornets chew their way out through the cloth.) The exposures to chloroform and ether do not kill the hornets, their brood, or their parasites. Some nests I secured at night, when, employing the same pro- cedure, I sometimes entirely avoided being stung. OBSERVATIONS. Sphecophaga was first encountered in two nests of the white- faced hornet, Vespa maculata Linn., taken at West Manayunk, Pennsylvania, September 10, 1922. These nests contained probably fifty to sixty parasites, but no actual record of the number of individuals was made. I did prepare a crude pen sketch 'to show what I found to be the typical condition of a parasitized hornet's cell with its two very distinct types of parasite cocoons, and I wrote out brief notes on the relative positions of these cocoons within the cell, as well as a descrip- tion of the cocoons themselves. The series of specimens that I sent to the Bureau of Entomology and that Mr. R. A. Cush- man kindly determined were from these nests ; they are referred to in a paper by Mr. Cushman (1933). Of other nests secured during the succeeding winter and spring, those that contained parasites were : One from the same locality as above, taken December 27, 1922, and one from Cobb's Creek, Pennsylvania, May 4, 1923. In the years following, additional hornets' and yellow-jackets' nests were secured but not until 1935 was Sphecophaga again found. In that year, two Vespa maculata nests, taken at Media, Pennsylvania, contained together the small number of five parasitized cells, which yielded only eleven cocoons. In the Cobb's Creek nest were found several Sphecophaga 1, '39] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 93 cocoons from which secondary parasites emerged which were kindly determined by Mr. A. B. Gahan as the chalcid Dimmockia incongnia (Ashm.). I reared many successive generations of this chalcid upon larvae of mud-dauber wasps but found no features of unusual interest in its life history. In the yellow-jacket nests taken, I have not found parasites of any kind, although S. hurra has been recorded (Zabriskie, 1894) from "Vespa gcrnianica," no doubt V . macnlifrons Buy, and the European species is also common in the nests of a number of different species of Vcspa, including the hornet V . crabro as well as the smaller yellow- jackets (Reichert 1911, Schmiedeknecht 1914). Upon examining the combs of the large and prosperous nests taken in September, I found the paper-cells of the larger combs occupied in part by larvae and in part by the cocoon-enclosed pupae of drones and queens. In the cells containing the hor- net larvae no parasites were observed ; nor did any appear in the course of the next five or six days. During this time, the larvae continued to live, but they gradually diminished in size as the result of the now completely one-sided trophallaxis from which the adults that were confined with them alone benefitted. This observation does not, however, exclude the possibility that some of these larvae may have contained young endopara- sitic stages of Sphccophaga. Morley (1900) states that in S. vesparum the female oviposits in the body of the hornet larva, that the young parasite larvae feed upon the fat-body of the host without" interfering with its development, and that, not until later, after the host has spun its cocoon and has pupated, do the parasites begin to feed externally upon that host pupa. Only within the cells containing the pupae of hornets were the larvae and pupae of the parasite S. hurra encountered. The cells containing parasites were scattered among the unparasi- tized cells and there seemed to be no way of distinguishing them externally. It was necessary to cut off the tops of the hornet cocoons and to expose the pupae. Tf the then exposed head of a pupa lacked the normal opaque white color and was translucent and watery in appearance, one could be sure that 94 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [April, '39 pulling this pupa out of the cell would reveal the presence of a number of Sphecophaga larvae or cocoons in the bottom of the hornet cell. If only one parasite were present, the hornet pupa was still almost normal in size and appearance. If, however, six or seven parasites had fed on the hornet pupa, then only the head and anterior part of the thorax had retained their normal shape, while the rest of the host pupa was very much shrunken and tapered, although still appearing fresh and clean. The number of parasites present in a cell varied from one to seven; the average number was three. For the most part the parasites were already enclosed in their cocoons, and these cocoons, it was immediately evident, were of two totally differ- ent kinds. The one sort was tough, parchment-like, light brown or yellowish brown in color and firmly attached to the sides and bases of the host cells. The other was quite delicate, white in color, and loosely attached to the sides of the cells. These two kinds of cocoons are so different that Zabriskie (1894), who found them in Vespa nests from New Baltimore, New York, and described them very accurately, believed that they represented two different species of parasites. That author also correctly observed that the tough brown cocoons are always in the very base of the cells and that, when such cells are cleaned out by the wasps, the cocoons of the parasite are not removed but are allowed to remain as the base of the cell. In the large queen cells of Vespa maculata nests, three or four vertically placed brown cocoons often filled the bases of the cells just distal to the excrement discharged by the host larvae. If only a single brown cocoon is present, it also is placed vertically but occupies only one angle of the cell. All these brown cocoons contained larvae ; some were still spinning, others were already in diapause. From such cocoons no imagines emerged until the folllowing April. There is no doubt but that these brown cocoons represent the typical form of Sphecophaga cocoon, not only because they are twice as numer- ous as the other form but also because they are entirely like those that have been described and figured (Reichert 1911) for the European 5\ vesparum. 1, '39] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 95 The second form of cocoort does not in any way resemble the typical form but is a delicate structure of white silk with a fluffy texture quite different from that of the brown cocoons. Furthermore, these white cocoons are loosely attached any- where upon the inner walls of the hornet cell. The larvae in the white cocoons undergo transformation immediately they have finished spinning and emerge as adults about one week later. They never enter into the long diapause characteristic of the larvae in the brown cocoons. In the first nest from which counts were made of cocoons, the nest from West Manayunk, twenty-three parasitized hornet cells were found and these yielded altogether fifty-one brown and eighteen white cocoons, as shown in the accompanying table. This table also gives the records from the other nests. No. of cells in No. of brown No. of white Locality of nest nest cocoons cocoons W. Manayunk 23 51 18 Cobb's Creek 26 41 25 Media (a) 2 5 2 Media (b) 3 2 2 Total 54 99 47 Among the cells examined there were thirty-three that con- tained only brown cocoons, from one to four per cell. In six- teen cells out of the total of fifty-four, both brown and white cocoons were present in the same cell. In such cells it was usual to find two or three brown cocoons firmly attached to the sides and base of the cell, while two or three white cocoons occupied the space between the brown cocoons and the remains of the host pupa. Rarely only white cocoons, numbering from one to five, are present in a cell to the exclusion of brown ones. This condition was seen in three cells of the Cobb's Creek nest, and in two from a Media nest, but was never encountered in the West Manayunk nest. Since the white cocoons are nearly always found only in the same cells with brown cocoons, and since in all the nests ex- amined only a small percentage of the host pupae were para- sitized, it is necessary to conclude that the same mother may 96 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [April, '39 produce both kinds of offspring. Even in the nest designated in the table as "Media (a)," in which only two cells of a large and prosperous hornets' nest were parasitized, these cells con- tained both brown and white cocoons. It is unlikely that two different females would oviposit in the same two cells out of hundreds of possible cells. From the position of the Sphecophaga larvae in the host cell and from the appearance and the position of the remains of the host, it is evident that the parasites feed only at the pos- terior end of the host and, furthermore, that those larvae that spin the brown cocoons must have completed their feeding and begun spinning earlier than those that produce the white cocoons. The imagines obtained from the two kinds of cocoons were identical in appearance except that, to quote from a letter from Mr. Cushman to whom I had sent a series for determination : "The fall-emerging specimens [from white cocoons] appear to be consistently stouter than those emerging in the spring [from brown cocoons]. ..." All adults which I obtained were females and the species is, like the European one, evi- dently thelytokous. Males are extremely rare. From the data that have been presented it is clear that there are two kinds of individuals of S. burra: Those that spin brown cocoons and undergo a long larval diapause, and those that spin white cocoons and transform without a diapause. It is also evident that these two forms are not representatives of different generations but that they are really individuals of the same generation and occur as offspring of the same mother. LITERATURE CITED. CURTIS, JOHN. 1828. British Entomology ; being illustrations and descriptions of the genera of Insects found in Great Britain and Ireland. Printed for the author by Richard Taylor, London. Volume 5 ; col. pi. 198, 198, Anomalon vesparum. CUSHMAN, R. A. 1933. Notes on Sp-hccophaga burra (Cres- son), an ichneumonid parasite of Vespula macidata (L.). (Hymenoptera). Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington 35:10-11. MORLEY, CLAUDE. 1900. On Sphegophaga vesparum, Curt. Ent. Monthly Mag. 36: 117-124. 1, '39] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 97 REICHERT, ALEX. 1911. Sphccophaga vcsparwn Rtzb., eine Schlupfwespe im VVespenneste. Ent. Jahrbuch, Leipzig, 20: 180-182, 1 pi. SCHMIEDEKNECHT, O. 1914. Opuscula Ichneumonologica. Fasc. 36, p. 2823-24. ZABRISKIE, J. L. 1894. Notes on some parasites of Vespa. Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc. 2:81-86. 1 pi. Two New Species of Agromyza from South America (Dipt. : Agromyzidae). By S. W. FROST, The Pennsylvania State College. Agromyza braziliensis n. sp. A large species, 4.5 to 5 mm. cf : Front, face, cheeks, palpi, antennae, scutellum, halteres and legs largely pale yellow. Margin and fringe of calypteres dark brown. Front and orbits concolorous pale yellow, front together with orbits about as wide as either eye, sides parallel; four pairs of strong fronto-orbital bristles, lower three pairs approximated in their rows, the upper bristles more widely separated, the lower two pairs pointing inward, the other two pairs pointing upward, a few minute hairs on the upper outer angles of the orbits next to the eye margin ; frontal lunule not conspicuous ; bases of antennae approximated ; cheeks yellow more than one- half the eye-height, narrower in front than behind ; a strong pair of oral vibrissae accompanied by about six bristles along the lower edge of the cheek ; proboscis and palpi yellow, setae on the palpi black, those on the proboscis yellow ; antennae en- tirely yellow, third segment small and rounded, second segment with a short dorsal bristle, arista black, almost bare, distinctly swollen on the basal fifth and about four times the length of the third antennal segment; occiput pale yellow on the sides, brown above towards the middle, ocellar triangle small, shiny brown continuous with the color of the occiput, ocellar bristles long extending to the frontal lunule. Mesonotum sub-shiny black with a large yellow spot on the posterior margin, the anterior margin of this spot prolong <1 98 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [April, '39 into a point reaching nearly to the middle of the mesonotum, the black color narrowed on the fore part of the mesonotum so that the presutural bristles are located on the edge of this colored area ; scutellum broadly yellow in the middle and below, darkened along the sides; pleura largely yellow, the yellow extending above the base of the wings and including the anterior humeral callosities, the sternopleura bears a large triangular black spot leaving a narrow yellow band across the upper por- tion, the mesopleura bears a narrow, darkened, transverse band below, the pteropleura has a small, darkened, triangular spot; there is also a small, darkened spot in front of the base of the wing, and a small spot above the suture of the mesopleura ; there are four well-developed pairs of dorsocentral bristles, four irregular rows of acrostichals reaching from the anterior to the posterior margin of the mesonotum; two pairs of presutural bristles, outer pair large, inner pair smaller ; one strong sterno- pleural bristle accompanied by numerous smaller setae, 1 strong mesopleural bristle with numerous smaller setae along the upper margin of the mesopleura, humeral bristle strong accompanied by numerous smaller bristles. Legs largely yellow, coxae and femora entirely yellow, tibia and tarsi slightly darkened, a distinct posterior bristle near the middle of the mid tibia. Abdomen brown above, yellow on sides and below, incisures minutely and indistinctly yellow, genetalia subshiny brown. Wings hyaline, slightly smoky, veins brown, base of costa and first vein to and slightly beyond the humeral cross-vein, yellow, fifth vein slightly stronger, auxiliary vein faint but separate from first vein and ending separately in the costa, costa extending to the fourth vein, two strong setae on base of the costa, anterior cross-vein at about the end of the first vein and near the middle of the discal cell, veins two and three diverging slightly at their tips, veins three and four nearly parallel at their tips, vein four terminating near the tip of the wing, distal section of the fifth vein about one-and-a-quarter times the length of the penultimate section ; halteres pale yellow 1, '39] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 99 including the stalk; calypteres gray, margin and fringe dark brown. ? similar to the cf but darker in color, yellow incisures on edges of abdominal segments more conspicuous, genitalia shiny black. Holotype f chcruhina on fore wing (i. e. hack to light, head of butterfly to <>! MTver, tilted at a low angle). 2, 90; 90 to discriminate specular colors hest (hlue of biirmcistcri, hlue-green of rcducta, green of cyane and clicndnna), also extent of specular blue or green on fore wing. 102 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [April, '39 C. pavon (South America). Oriented 45 U 0; 60 U 0. a slightly freakish case, visible from most angles if light and sight are about the same and front or left, but not rear or right. C. laure (South America) Oriented. 45 U 45 L; 45 U 45 L. A brilliant purple patch, overlapping the orange slightly on fore wing and giving it a salmon tint. This is more critical than the last, but still conspicuous from horizontal angles of to 90 L. At 90 ; 90 however there is no iridescence. Apatura iris (Europe). Of the same type as the last but still more critical, probably best at 45 U 45 L, 45 U 45 L. At horizontal angle the purple is almost lost from the fore wing, but at 30 U 180; 45 U 90 L it is almost confined to the fore wing. Thanaos ludlius (Eastern U. S.). T. lucilius and baptisiae are an example of extremely difficult and critical iridescence. It is very faint, best visible under low power of the microscope and with a dark background, but as illumination and vision should be at nearly right angles it is convenient to use a micro- scope. The color changes under such a narrow range of angles that the color may perhaps be due to striation rather than the usual thin plates. 1, Oriented 15 U 90 R ; 75 U 90 L. Green, shading from somewhat bluish to somewhat brassy and strongest close to margin. 2, 30 U 90 R; 60 U 90 L, in a very narrow range a little less rather than more than 30. Light portions varying from coppery through rose to crimson, dark portions very faintly crimson to violet. 3, 45 U 90 R ; 45 U 90 L. Brassy on light portions, very faintly purple on postmedial dark band. At still deeper angles the iridescence goes through green to copper again at grazing view and perpendicular light. 4, 5 U 90 L; 90 U (grazing from opposite side) copper, the dark parts not distinguishable. 5, 15 U 90 L; 90 U. The best (and a rather decided) green, the dark postmedial stripe well contrasted. 6, 30 U 90 L ; 60 U 90 R. Light parts brassy, dark parts with very faint purple and hints of rose. 7, 45 U 90 L ; 45 U 90 R. Green again. At higher angles of illumination and going to grazing angle of sight it goes again through copper before fading out. T. baptisiae (Woods Hole, Mass., holotype). Essentially the same rapidly changing series of colors but much toned 1, '39] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 103 down. 1, faint green at margin, stronger and flecked with copper in fringe ; 2, light portions faintly brassy toward margin, shaded with traces of rose along veins ; 3, as before but much toned down and dominated by the brown ground color; 4, 5, 6, 7 the iridescenses of T. lucilius can be just divined in the best lighting but are wholly dominated by the pigment browns and buff. The greener or brassy appearance mentioned in the original description of baptisiae is due to the greater dom- inance of the brown to yellowish pigment colors, which kill the purple but reinforce the brassy tints of the iridescence. Talanga. (Indo-australian). This is the genus that started the present study. The iridescence is brilliant, only slightly oriented, but varies enormously with angle. For the discrimination of species 2 the best position seems to be with light and sight both at medium angles from opposite sides. T. sabacnsalis (New Guinea). 30 U 90 L; 60 U 90 R. Oriented and changeable. Ground of fore wing bright rose, except base and borders ; postmedial area and outer subterminal stripe the same. Double spot at end of cell, spot below and beyond it and inner st. stripe brilliant blue, specular. Hindwing with a triangular area covering forks of Cu and M 2 and 3 the same, shading into brassy and green on basal half, except anal area, the postmedial costal area less brilliantly rose; a short pqstmedial bar brilliant blue, shading into greenish, specular, but only visible when angles of light and sight correspond closely, also with a slight rose edging; marginal patch mixed copper, brass, purple and green, going to dark bronze at 15 U 90; 90 U. At 45 U 90 R ; 45 U 90 L the same colors show, but not at reciprocal angles (save the blue). T. tolumniatis (New Guinea) 30 U 90 L; 60 U 90 R. Similar; base with two narrow stripes of silvery iridescence; blue at end of cell as before ; pm. area silvery rather than rose, but both st. stripes dull rose, alike, the inner halves of both going to bright blue and outer halves going dull at grazing angle (5 U; 90 U). Hind wing as before, but less brilliant, except for the costo-apical region which is rose and distinctly runs into the metallic marginal patch. I cannot see Janse's key character between the hind wings of these species. Both 3 See Janse, Pyralidae in Mem. Mus. R. d'Hist. Nat. de Belgiquc ; Resultats Scient. du Voyage Ind. Or.Neer. Leopold, iv fasc. 12, 11-16, pis. 3-5, 1935. He writes me that his descriptions were made with light at right angles from the side. 104 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [April, '39 show the same iridescence in color and position, only the present is less brilliant. T. scxpunctata (Formosa, Timor). Iridescence on the same plan and visible at the same angles ; but with the basal and postmedial areas of fore wing intermediate, blue shading into rose, and hind wing with the rose beyond the p. m. bar stronger, extending to the marginal patch, which latter is almost evenly green. So far then as these three species are concerned we might modify Janse's key as follows: 4t;. Basal half of fore wing (viewed at 30 U 90 L; 60 U 90 R or 45 U 90 R; 45 U 90 L) evenly rose to violet except the narrow base and borders ; green and brassy irides- cence on basal half brighter than rose on outer part of costal area subacusalis b. Iridescence of basal half of fore wing interrupted by a broad yellow stripe ; largely blue or silvery ; rose on outer part of costal area stronger than that on base of hind wing 5 6a. Iridescence of basal half of fore wing bright, largely blue; iridescent marginal patch of hind wing green ; the black immediately before it in the form of a heavy double crescent corresponding to the two marginal dots, scxpunctalis b. Iridescence of basal half of fore wing pale and silvery; marginal patch of two portions, a small copper one close to margin, and a broader and faintly silvery one before it, bounded on the inner side with a more distant, even and finer brown-black line tolumnialis The cordatus-group of Agabus (Coleop. : Dytiscidae). By MELVILLE H. HATCH, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington. Agabus bjorkmanae nom. nov. Anisomera recta LeC., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) IV, 1869, p. 375. Crotch, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. IV, 1873, p. 424. Agabus rectus LeC.* Sharp, On Aquat. Carn. Col. 1880- 82, p. 756. Agabus (Gaurodytes) rectus LeC. Seidlitz, Verb. Nat. Ver. * Preoccupied in Agabus by Colymbctcs (Agabus) rectus Babington, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. VI, 1841, p. 53, now considered a synonym of striolatus Gyll. 1, '39] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 105 Briinn XXV, 1887, p. 84. Zimmermann, Col. Cat. 71, 1920, p. 171. Agabns (Hydroncbrius) rectus LeC. Fall, Rev. N. A. Species Agabus, 1922, pp. 1, 3, 9. Zimmermann, Kol. Rundsch. XX, 1934, p. 152. This species is sufficiently distinguished from cordatus LeC. by Fall, but the pronotum is very variable. One extreme is represented by specimens in which the width of the base is just visibly greater (about one per cent) or barely less (three or four per cent) than the middle, the sides behind the middle nearly straight, not or very slightly sinuate, the hind angles rectangular or nearly so. At the other extreme are specimens in which the width of the base is distinctly less (six to nine per cent) than that of the middle, the sides behind obliquely convergent, the hind angles somewhat obtuse. Were it not for the existence of intermediates, one would scarcely hesitate to recognize two species. The color is usually black, but in one specimen, perhaps from immaturity, the vertex of the head is faintly bimaculate, the sides of the pronotum, the side pieces of the prothorax, the elytral epipleurae, and the apices of the last four abdominal segments are rufescent. Distribution. BRITISH COLUMBIA: Fernie, Merritt (Leech}, Van [couver Is.] (type}. ALBERTA: Beaver Cr. (Leech}, Happy Valley (Lane, Leech}. WASHINGTON : Blue Mts. (Cop- pei Cr., Mill Cr.), Wawawai (Fall}. IDAHO: Troy (Lane}, Waha. OREGON : Kamela, Meachem. I am renaming this species after Miss Frances Bjorkman, the collection by whom at Fernie, British Columbia, of a series with extremely obtuse posterior pronotal angles brought the variable nature of the species to my attention. In view of the extreme form assumed by certain specimens of this species, it will be necessary to insert "usually" between "prothorax" and "narrower" in the first line of Fall's key (1. c., p. 3) so that it reads "Prothorax usually narrower at base than near middle." AGABUS CORDATUS LeC. Anisomera cordata LeC., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. VI., 1853, p. 226; Col. Kansas 1859, p. 5, pi. 2, fi^. 3. Crotch, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. IV, 1873, p. 424. Agabus (Anisomera) cordatus LeC. Sharp, On Aquat. Cam. Col. 1880-82, p. 494, pi. xiii, fig. 165. 106 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [April, '39 Agabus (Gaurodytcs) cordatus LeC. Seidlitz, Verb. Nat. Ver. Briinn XXV, 1887, p. 84. Zimmermann, Col. Cat. 71, 1920, p. 163. Agabus (Hydronebrius) cordatus LeC. Fall, Rev. N. A. Species Agabus 1922, pp. 1, 3, 9. Zimmermann, Kol. Rundsch. XX, 1934, p. 152. The pronotum of this species is strongly cordate, the width at the base being five-sixths or less that at the middle. The hind angles vary from slightly acute to somewhat obtuse, usu- ally being nearly rectangular, with the sides in front of the hind angles usually subparallel for an appreciable distance be- fore curving out. In one of a pair of specimens from Colorado Springs, Colo., however, the sides curve out almost immedi- ately from the hind angles. The color is usually piceous, as Fall describes, but I have seen a nearly black specimen from Mt. Lemon, Ariz. Distribution. MONTANA: Missoula (Fall}', COLORADO: Colorado Springs and Leadville (Fall), Morley (Cal. Acad.) ; NEW MEXICO: Santa Fe (type), Pecos (Fall) ; ARIZONA: Mt. Lemon (Cal. Acad.); UTAH: Ft. Douglas ( Fall), Salt Lake; WASHINGTON: Longmires = ?Longmire (Cal. Acad.). Fall and Zimmermann have suggested that cordatus and rec- tus belong in the subgenus Hydronebrius Jakovl., but this sub- genus is distinguished in important measure not only by the subcordate pronotum but by the absence of setae from the inner apical angle of the lower surface of the metafemora and the ir- regularly punctuate lower surface of the metatibiae. As regards the metafemora, both of the species possess the setae said to be absent in Hydronebrius. The condition of the metatibiae is more ambiguous, but is nearly similar to a species like seriatus Say, which no one would suggest placing in Hydronebrius. Furthermore Zimmermann (1. c., pp. 156-158) notes numerous Palaearctic species of the subgenus Gaurodytes in which the sides of the pronotum are convergent behind, so that the pre- cise placing of the interesting Nearctic species here considered must await future study. I am indebted to Mr. M. C. Lane and Mr. Hugh B. Leech for specimens and suggestions used in prosecuting this study. 1, '39] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 107 Mortality of Aquatic Diptera Due to Freezing. 1 By J. W. LEONARD. Factors influencing the abundance of insects spending all or parts of their life cycles in fresh water are coming to receive a larger amount of attention than formerly, largely because of a better appreciation of the economic importance of such or- ganisms in the food cycle of game fishes. Although the general population level of such insects is in the main regulated by the interaction of recognized and more or less predictable ecological factors, the rare occurrence of a sudden, catastrophic change in some part of the environment may drastically reduce the numbers of a particular species, even though normal conditions may return as rapidly as they were banished. An example of a catastrophe of this sort was witnessed re- cently in a small (seven-acre) pond in Livingston County, Michigan. The last two weeks of March, 1938, were charac- terized by unusually high temperatures, which on one occasion rose above 80F. The warm weather was broken abruptly on the night of April 4 when the temperature dropped to 24F. Early the following morning, when a visit was made to the pond, it was found that all save a small protected portion of the pond's surface was covered with ice which, near shore, reached a thick- ness of one-half inch. The period of ice formation had obviously coincided with the time of emergence of a great number of midges, Chironomus piuinosits (Linn.) 2 , for around three sides of the pond the ice was thickly dotted with pupae and adults of this species either wholly or partially embedded therein. Mortality appeared to be universal among the pupae and adults that were entirely embedded. One pupa, held to the ice by the extreme tip of the abdomen only, was alive when found, although its ability to have emerged successfully upon release is open to question. A small number of adults which had apparently completed their emergence before the ice formed lay in a numbed condition on 'Contribution from Institute for Fisheries Research, Michigan De- partment of Conservation and University of Michigan. - Determined by Prof. M. W. Boesel. 108 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [April, '39 the surface of the ice until they were warmed into activity by the sun, when they were eaten by a tree swallow, (Irldoprocne bicolor), which swooped repeatedly to within a few inches of the ice. By late afternoon, when all the ice had melted, large windrows and rafts of lifeless pupae and adults collected in eddies and shallow embayments around the shore. Owing to the tendency of an entire age-group of midges to emerge at about the same time, there exists a strong likelihood that the local population of this economically important midge sustained a severe reduction. A few observations made at about the same time for the next two or three years should settle the question definitely. In any event, it is felt that the present case offers an illuminating demonstration of ho\v dis- aster to an important component of a fauna may strike, do its damage, and disappear, leaving only the briefest record of its nature. It may be that such an occurrence is not uncommon, but goes undetected because no observer is present at the time. The Usage of the Names Epizeuxis Hiibner and Zanclognatha Lederer (Lepidoptera, Phalaemdae, Herminiinae). By J. G. FRANCLEMONT, Ithaca, New York. At the suggestion of Dr. J. H. McDunnough, of Ottawa, Canada, I am writing this in an attempt to straighten out the usage of the generic names Epizeuxis Hiibner, Camptylochila Stephens and Zanclognatha Lederer. The genus Epizeuxis was proposed by Hiibner in 1818 (Zutr. z. Samml. exot. Schmett., i, 9) containing two species Epizeuxis lituralis Hbn. (figs. 19 and 20) and Py rails calvarlalls D. and S.; Grote designated the latter species as type in 1874 (Bull. Buff. Soc. Nat. Sc., ii, 47). Stephens described Camptylochila in 1834 (111. Brit. Ent., Haust., iv, 21) for two new species undulalls and blstrlgalis which equal respectively Epizeuxis aemula Hbn. and E. lubrlcalls Gey. ; Barnes and McDunnough 1917 (Contrib. Nat. Hist. Lep. N. Am., iv, 125) designate Camptylochila undulalls Steph. (E. aemula Hbn.) as type, and the genus thus falls to Epizeuxis Hbn. Bella Guenee 1854 1, '39] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 109 (Spec. Gen. Lep. viii (Deltoides), 75) nee 1 1 clla llubner 1818 (Zutr. z. Samml. exot. Schmett., i, 27) with type I'yralis cal- varialis D. & S. designated by Guence (op. cit.) is a synonym also; likewise Pseudaglossa Grote 1874 (Bull. Buff. Soc. Nat. Sc., ii, 47) with type Epizcuxis lubricalis Gey. designated by Grote (op. cit.). Lederer proposed the genus Zandognatha in 1857 (Noct. Europas, 211) including six species; Grote 1874 (Bull. Buff. Soc. Nat. Sc., ii, 49) designated the first species Paracolax tarsi- phimalis Hbn. as type. The following three genera described by Grote are considered synonymous; Cleptomita 1873 (Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., iv, 301) with the sole included species C. atrili- neella Grote automatically becoming the type ; Megachyta 1873 (Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., iv, 306) with the one included species Epizeuxis liturcdis Hbn. becoming automatically the type ; Pity- olita 1873 (Bull. Buff. Soc. Nat. Sc., i, 39) including only the species Herminia pedipilaUs Guenee which thus automatically became the type. From the foregoing discussion it will no doubt be obvious that we must revert to the Smith (Revision of the Deltoid Moths, 1895) usage of the two names, and reject the usage advocated by Barnes and McDunnough (Contrib. Nat. Hist., Lep. N. Am., iv, 125, 1917) and again by McDunnough (Check List Lep. Can. & U. S. A., pt. i, Marcolep., 1938). The two genera and their synonyms may be cited as follows : Epizeuxis Hbn. C am ptylo chila Steph. $Helia Gn. Pseudaglossa Grt. Zanclognatha Ledr. Cleptomita Grt. Megachyta Grt. Pityolita Grt. substituting Epizeuxis Hbn. for Camptylochila Steph. and Zanclognatha Ledr. for Epizeuxis Hbn. as used by McDun- nough in his latest Check List (page 129). I wish to express my thanks to Mr. J. F. G. Clarke of the United States National Museum for consulting the original text of the Zutr. z. Samml. exot. Schmett., which .is not in the Cornell University Library. 110 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [April, '39 Current Entomological Literature COMPILED BY V. S. L. PATE, L. S. MACKEY and E. G. FISHER. Under the above head it is intended to note papers received at the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia pertaining to the En- tomology of the Americas (North and South), including Arachnida and Myriopoda. Articles irrelevant to American entomology will not be noted; but contributions to anatomy, physiology and embryology of insects, however, whether relating to American or exotic species will be recorded. This list gives references of the current or preceding year unless other- wise noted. All continued papers, with few exceptions, are recorded only at their first installment. For records of Economic Literature, see the Experiment Station Rec- ord, Office of Experiment Stations, Washington. Also Review of Applied Entomology, Series A, London. For records of papers on Medical Ento- mology, see Review of Applied Entomology, Series B. Note. References to papers containing new forms or names not so stated In titles are followed by (*); if containing keys are followed by (k) ; papers pertaining exclusively to neotropical species, and not so indicated in the title, have the symbol (S) at the end of the title of the paper. The figures within brackets [ ] refer to the journal in which the paper appeared, as numbered in the list of Periodicals and Serials published in our January and June issues. This list may be secured from the pub- lisher of Entomological News for lOc. The number of, or annual volume, and in some cases the part, heft, &c., the latter within ( )follows; then the pagination follows the colon : Papers published In the Entomological News are not listed. GENERAL. Anon. Index to publications of U. S. Dept. Agr. 1931-1935. U. S. D. A. 1937. Anon. El Bachaco. [El Agric. Venezolano] 3, (31) :22-24, ill. Anon. Insects in Department of Biology. [Rep. Nat. Mus.] 1938:38-40. Bab- cock, H. L. How to find a bee-tree. [New Engl. Nat.] 1 : 2-3. Bailey, H. L. Report of Revision of Insect control. [19th Bien. Rep. Comm. Agr. Vermont] 1937-38:74-90. Beutler, R. Der geschmacksinn der Ameisen. [88] 50:822- 823. Bialaszewicz, K. Recherches sur le metabolisme chemique et energetique au cours du developpement des Insectes. [Soc. Sci. et Lett. Varsovie Trav. Inst. Nencki] Part III, Vol. 13:352-382; Part IV, Vol. 14:20-42; Part V. Vol. 14:229-272. Bishopp, F. C. Some problems in medical and veterinary entomology. [Jour. Parasit.] 25:1-9. Blair & Hubbell. The biotic districts of Oklahoma. [Amer. Midi. Nat.] 20:425-454, ill. Cockerell, T. D. A. Studies of Island Life. [Univ. Colo. Stud.] 26:1-20. Crampton, G. C. The interrelationships and lines of descent of living in- sects. [5] 45 :165-180, ill. Curran, C. H. On eating insects. [Nat. Hist.] 43:84-89. Darlington, P. J. The origin of the fauna of the Greater Antilles, with discussion of dispersal of animals over water and through the air. [73] 13 :274-300, ill. Daubenmire, R. F. Merriam's life zones of North America. [73] 13:327-332. Daviault, L. Contribution a 1'etude des Insectes du Bouleau [Contr. ITnst. Zool. 1'Univ. 1, '39] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 111 Montreal] 1 :134 pp., ill. Folsom & Woke. The field cricket in relation to the cotton plant in Louisiana. [U. S. D. A.] Tech. Bull. 642:1-27, ill. Hoyle, W. L. Transmission of poultry parasites by birds with special reference to the "Eng- lish" or house sparrow and chickens. [Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci.] 41 :379-3S3. Huxley, J. S., et al. Papers for the sec- ond symposium "Geographical isolation as a factor in species formation." [Proc. Linn. Soc. London] 150th Session: 253- 293. Ihering, R. von. Em prol da catalogacao da fauna do Brasil. [Livr. Jubilar Prof. L. Travassos, Rio de Janeiro] 1938:221-229. Lameere, A. Precis de zoologie V. Les in- sectes superieurs. Chap. XVI les Holometaboliques (Lepid., Coleop., Hymenop.). [Recueil de ITnst. Zool. Torley- Rousseau] 7:161-536, ill. Li, Ju-chi. A simple technique for demonstrating insect chromosomes. [Peking Nat. Hist. Bull.] 13:111-112. Long, C. L Insect galls. [Sci. Monthly] Feb. 1939:152-158, ill. Neiva, A. Lauro Travas- sos. [Livr. Jubilar Prof. L. Travassos, Rio de Janeiro] 1938 : I-XVIII, portrait. Pierce & Pool. The fauna and flora of the El Segundo sand dunes. L- General ecology of the dunes. [38] 37:93-97. Poulton, E. B., et al. Papers for the symposium "The concept of species from the time of Linnaeus to the present day." [Proc. Linn. Soc. London] 150th Session: 224-252. Pratt, H. P. Ecology of the trout of the Gunnison River, Colorado. [Univ. Colo. Studies] 26: 114-118 [abstract of thesis]. Proctor, W. Biological Sur- vey of the Mount Desert Region. Part VI. The Insect Fauna. [Wistar Inst] 1938: 496 pp., ill. Ramsbottom, J.- Linnaeus and the species concept. [Proc. Linn. Soc. Lon- don] 150th Session: 192-219. Scheerpeltz, O. The spider- hunt of Priocnemis fuscus (Hym.-Psammocharid.) a chap- ter from the biology of a spider-hunter. [Photographic und Forschung] 2 :201-211, ill. Sen, P. A note on the overwin- tering of the house fly, Musca domestica. [Indian J. Med. Res.] 26:535-536. Sturtevant, A. H. Essays on Evolution, III: On the origin of interspecific sterility. [73] 13:333- 335. Tamini, E. Drosofile, lieviti e batteri. [Natura] 29: 149-156. de la Torre-Bueno, J. R. Unkind words on insect descriptions. [19] 34:57-58. Trager, W. Acquired immu- nity to ticks. [J. Parasit.] 25:57-81, ill. ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY, ETC. Anon. Reactions of house-flies to light of different wave-lengths. [31] 143: 208. Aubertot, M. Presence d'un vaisseau dorsal contrac- 112 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [April, '39 tile chez les Protoures du genre Acerentomon. [C. R. L'- Acad. Sci. Paris] 208:120-122, ill. Bodenstein, D. Imaginal differentiation inaugurated by oxygen in Drosphila pupae. [Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci.] 25: 14-16. Bounhiol, J. J. Re- cherches experimentales sur le determinisme de la meta- morphose chez les Lepidopteres. [78] 199 pp., ill. Brecher, L. Der Weg der Farbanpassung bei Schmetterlingspup- pen vom Rekeptor bis zum Effektor. [Biologia Generalia] 14 :212-237, ill. Buck, J. B. Synchronous rhythmic flashing of fireflies. [73] 13:301-314.' Buxton, P. A. Biology of Xenopsylla cheopis (Siphonaptera). [Indian J. Med. Res.] 26:505-530, ill. Cameron, T. W. M. The reactions of the housefly, Musca domestica to light of different wave-lengths. [Canad. J. Res.] 16:307-342, ill. Cappe de Baillon & Fav- relle & Vichet. Parthenogenese et variation chez les Phasmes. [78] 72:1-46. Clausen, R. Untersuchungen uber den mannlichen Copulationsapparat der Ameisen, spe- ziell der Formicinae. [41] 17:233-346, ill. Cousin, G. La neotenie chez Gryllus campestris et ses hybrides. [78] 72: 79-118, ill. Davis, R. The gross anatomy of Corizus later- alis (Hem., Corizid.). fTowa State Coll. J. Sci.] 13:60-62. [abstract of thesis]. Ebeling, W. Host-determined mor- phological variations in Lecanium corni. [Hilgardia] 11: 613-631, ill. Ellenby, C. Metabolic rate of early vestigial and wild-type prepupae of Drosophila melanogaster in rela- tion to genotype, sex, size. [Proc. Zool. Soc. London Abst. Papers] 108 (C) :46-47. Ephrussi & Chevais. Developpe- ment des couleurs des yeux chez la Drosophile. [78] 72: 48-78, ill. Geigy, R. Beobachtungen uber die Metamor- phose von Sialis lutaria (Neurop.). [41] 17:144-157, ill. Ghelelovitch, S. Influence du jeune sur la metamorphose des chenilles de Galleria mellonella [C. R. Soc. Biol. Mas- son et Cie, Paris] 129: 1106-1107. Gohrbandt, L Dastym- panalorgan der Syntomiden [34] 125 :23-29, ill. Grandjean, M. F. See under Arachnida. Gwatkin & Fallis. Bacteri- cidal and antigenic qualities of the washings of blowfly maggots. [Canad. J. Res.] 16 (D) : 343-352^ Hathaway, C. R. Verificacao da viviparidade em Thysanoptera. ("Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz] 33:357-358, ill. Jannone, G. Aspetti bio-morfologici e somatometrici des problema delle fasi nel Dociostaurus marocannus in Italia e fuori, con particolare riquardo alia provincia di Napoli. [Boll. R. Lab. Ent. Agr. Portici] 1 :261-328, ill. Kuhn, A. Weitere Untersuchungen 1, '39] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 113 iiber den Gen-A-Wirkstoff bei der Mehlmotte Ephestia kiihniella. fNachrichten aus der Biol.] 2:239-249, ill. La- meere, A. See under General. Lepesme, P. Influence de la temperature et 1'humidite sur la pathogenic de 1'aspergil- lose des Acridicns. [C. R. Seances L'Acad. Sci. Paris] 208: 234-236. Lison, L. Sur la structure et rhist<>pliysi<>l< gli- des tubes de malpighi chez le doryphore (Leptinotarsa dc- cemlineata). [C. R. Soc. Biol. Paris Masson et cie] 129: 873-875. Lloyd, P. C. See under ITymenoptera. Mauser, F. Synchrome Metamorphose deplantierter Vorderbeine mit dem Wirtstiere, Dixippus morosus (Orth: Phasmid.). [Biolo-ia Generalis] 14:179-211, ill. Mikulska, I. Poro- wnaawcze studia nad sposobem zycia i przeolbrazenieum gasienic wstego wek (Catocala). Lebensweise und Meta- morphose. [Mem. de 1'Acad. Polonaise Sci. et des Lett.] 1938 (B) : 1-113, ill. Minkiewiez, R. Les lois de la sexuali- sation des couleur chez les Insectes. [Soc. Sci. et des Lett, a Varsovie Trav. Inst. Nencki] 13:144-214. Moon, H. P.- The growth of Coenis horaria, Leptophlebia vespertina and L. marginata (Ephemeroptera). [Proc. |Zool. Soc. London- Abst. Papers] 108 (C) : 45. Muller & Mackenzie. Discrim- inatory effect of ultra-violet rays on mutation in Drosophila. [31] 143 :83-84. Munchberg, P. Ueber die entwicklung und die Larve der Libelle Sympetrum pedemontanum Allioni, zugleich cin Beitra? uber die Anzahl der Hautungen der Od'onatenlarven. [52] N. F. 7:559-568, ill. Patay, R. Sur- la structure et 1'histophysiologie des tubes de malpighi chez le doryphore. [C. R. Soc. Biol. Masson et Cie., Paris] 129: 1098-1099. Peacock, A. D. Parthogenesis as illustrated in the late Dr. J. A. van Rossum's experiments with Pseudo- clavellaria amerinae (Hym, Tenthr.). [101] 1938:1-13, ill. Pictet, A. La distribution geographique des organismes et le problem e du transfformisme. [C. R. Soc. Phys. et d'Hist. Nat. de Geneve)] 55:88-90. Plagge, E. Bewirkung der Augenausfarbung der rotaiigigen Rasse von Ephestia kiihniella durch Implantation artfremder Hoden. [Xach- richten aus der Biol.] 2:251-256. Pollitzer, O. Die Leger- ate von normalen Drosophila-Weibchen und die Einwerkung von Umweltbedingungen. [Lotos] 86:57-62. Roy, D. N.- Number of eggs of common house-frequenting flies. [In- dian J. Med. Res.] 26:531-533. Russo, G. V. Contribute alia conoscenza dei Coleotteri Scolitidi. EU-otribo: Phloeo- tribus scarabaeoides Parte Prima. [Boll, del R. Lab. Ent. 114 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [April, '39 Agr. Portici] 1:1-260, ill. Scharrer, B. C. J. The differen- tiation between neuroglia and connective tissue in the cock- roach (Periplaneta americana). [J. Comp. Neur.] 70:77-88, ill. Slack, H. D. Chromosomes of Cimex. [31] 143:78, ill. Smith, C. F. The digestive system of Macrosiphum solani- folii (Homoptera: Aphid.). [43] 39:57-59, ill. Snipes, B. T. -Passage-time of various types of normal and poisoned foods through the alimentary tract of the cockroach Peri- planeta americana. [Iowa State Coll. J. Sci.] 13:93-94. Steinberg, D. M. Regulationsprozesse wahrend der meta- morphose der Insekten. 1. Experimentelle untersuchungen iiber die regeneration der flugel bei einigen schmetterlingen. [Biolog. Zhurnal] 7:310. Sumi & Tsujuki. On the flavin (Vitamin B 2 ) of chrysalis of domestic silkworm, Part 1. The Flavin (Vitamin B 2 ) content of chrysalis of domestic silkworm. [Bull. Inst. Phys. Chem. Res.] 17:864-870. [in Japanese]. Szent-Ivany, J. v. Zwei seltsame biolosische- beobachtungen bei Lepidopteren. [34] 125:47-48, ill. Tikusi, H. Lethal action of x-rays on eggs of the silkworm, Bombyx mori. [Bult. Sci. Fakul. Terkul. Kjusu Imp. Univ. Fukoka, Japanujo] 1938:155-162 [in Japanese, English sum- mary]. Weise, H. Die Atmung bei den Larven und Pupp- en der Schwebfliegen aus der Verwandschaft der Eristalinae unter Beriicksichtigung ihrer Metamorphose. [94] 151 :467- 514. Wheeler, G. C. See under Hymenoptera. Whiting, A. R. Mutant body colors in the parasitic wasp Hydrobra- con juglandis and their behavior in multiple recessive in mosaics. [Proc. Am. Phil. Soc.] 80:65-85, ill. ARACHNIDA AND MYRIOPODA. Aitken, T. H. G. Ornithodoros talaje on the California mainland. [55] 15: 12-13. Grandjean, M. F. Au sujet de la neotenie chez les Acariens. [C. R. seances de 1'Acad. Sci. Paris] 207:1347- 1351. Hambleton, E. J. A ocorrencia do Acaro tropical "Tarsonemus latus" causador da rasgadura dos folhas nos algodoaio de S. Paulo (Tarsonemid.). [Arq. Inst. Biol. Sao Paulo] 9:201-209, ill. Kiihnelt, W. Eurypelma rubropilo- sum. [Photographic und Forschung] 2:201, ill. (S). de Mello-Leitao, C. Araignees americaines du Musee d'his- toire naturelle de Bale. [Rev. Suisse Zool] 46:43-93, ill. (S*). Michelbacher, A. E. Notes on Symphyla with de- scriptions of three n. spp. Symphella -from California. [55] 15:21-28, ill. Pierce, W. D. See under Hymenoptera. 1, '39] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 115 THE SMALLER ORDERS OF INSECTS. Costa Lima, A. da. Sobre um Kalotermes do Rio de Janeiro. [Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz] 33:360-361, ill. Eichler, W.- Bizarri irons nov. gen. eine bemerkenswerte nsymmctrischc Federlingsgattung von Icteriden (Betrachtungen iiber mor- phologische Besonderheiten bei Mallophagen. [34] 124: 225-236 (*). Fox, I. N. spp. and a n. gen. of Nearctic Si- phonaptera. [ 10] 41 :4S-50, ill. Hammer, M. Collemboles in Zool. East Greenland. [Medd. om. Gronland] 121 (2): 7-42. Hathaway, C. R. See under Anatomy. Keler, S. Ueber brasilianische Mallophagen. [109] 5 :305-326, ill. (*). Moulton, D. Rhipidothrips brunneus Williams (Thysanop- tera). [55] 15:20. Ricker, W. E. Notes on specimens of American Plecoptera in European collections. [Trans. R. Can. Inst.] 22:128-156, ill. Silvestri, F. Primo contribute alia conoscenza dei Protura del Brasile e di Costa Rica. [Liv. Jubilar Prof. L. Travassos, Rio de Janeiro] 1938:441- 445, ill. (*). Tillyard & Fraser. A reclassification of the order Odonata. Based on some new interpretations of the venation of the dragonfly wing. [Australian Zool.] 9:125- 169, ill. (*). Pessoa & Guimaraes. Contribuicao para o conhecimento das Mallophagas das aves do Brasil. VII. Sobre uma nova especiedo genero Neophilopterus. [Libr. Jubilar Prof. L. Travassos, Rio de Janeiro] 1938:385-387, ill. (S*). Werneck, F. L. Algumas especies novas de Mallophaga. [Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz] 33:413-422, ill. (S?*). Sobre os mallophagos da cabra, do cavallo, e do jumento. [Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz] 33:395-401. (S?). ORTHOPTERA. Blair & Hubbell. See under General. Cappe de Baillon & Favrelle & Vichet. (See Anatomy & Physiol.). Costa Lima, A. da Uma nova especie do genero Tanusiella 1916 (Pseudophyll.). [Livr. Jubilar Prof. L. Travassos, Rio de Janeiro] 1938:137-138, ill. (S*). Cousin, G. See under Anatomy. Folsom & Woke. See under General. Hubbell & Cantrall. A n. spp. of Appalachia from Michigan (Acridid.). [114] no. 389:1-22, ill. Jannone, G. See under Anatomy. HEMIPTERA. De Long, D. M. The genus Phlepsius. A study of the North American species with special refer- ence to the characters of the male genitalia. [Lloydia] 1 :232-244, ill. (*K). A review of the genus Scaphoideus (Cicadell.). [10] 41:33-45, ill. (k*). Drake and Hamble- 116 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [April, '39 ton. Brazilian Tingitoidea IV. [Arq. Inst. Biol. Sao Paulo] 9:51-57, ill. (*). Drake & Poor. Seven new Amer- ican Tingitidae. [19] 34:31-35. Essig, E. O. Aphids feed- ing on celery in California. ]Hilgardia] 11:459-492, ill. Ferris & Usinger. The Family Polyctenidae. [Microent.] 4:1-50, ill. (k*). Hambleton,' E. J." O percevjo "Horcius nobilellus como nova praga do algodoeiro em S. Paulo. Ob- servacoes preliminares. [Arq. Inst. Biol. Sao Paulo] 9:85- 91, ill. Hempel, A. Uma nova especie de "Aleyrodidae." [Arq. Inst. Biol. Sao Paulo] 9:313-314, ill. (*S)1 Knight, H. H. Three n. spp. of Miridae from North America. [19] 34:21-23. Knight, H. H. Strongylocoris Blanchard : six new species from North America. [Iowa State College J. Sci.] 13:1-7, ill. (*). Lallemand, V. Homopteres nou- veaux de la Collection du Deutsches Entomologisches In- stitut de Berlin-Dahlem. (Cercopid. Fulgorid.). [109] 5:349-350. (S). Sampson, W. W. The Aphid genus Ka- kimia in California. [55] 15:36-38, ill. (k*). Schneider- Orelli, O. Untersuchungen liber die Generations-ver- haltnisse cler Fichtengallenlaus Sacchiphantes (Chermes) abietis. [Vierteljahr. Naturf. Gess. Zurich] 1938:29-107, ill. Schultz, E. F. Una nueva plaga en los naranjales tucu- nianos: la "Cochinilla del Delta" (Mesolecanium deltae, Lizer). [Est. Exp. Agr. Tucuman] Circ. No. 66: 3-7, ill. (S). Thomas, H. D. The distribution of the genus No- tonecta in Mexico. [19] 34:1-8, ill. Tuthill, L. D. Neo- triozella and a new related genus (Psyllid.). [19] 34:51-54. (k*). Verrier & Low. Recherches sur les galles de Pem- phigus sur Pistacia terebinthus. [78] 72:494-507, ill. LEPIDOPTERA. D'Almeida, R. F. Estudo sobre tres generos da sub-familia Ithomiinae. [Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz] 33:381-393. (S). Revisao do genero Pseudopieris. | Livr. Jubilar Prof. L. Travassos, Rio de Janeiro] 1938:25- 31, ill. (S). Uma nova especie de genero Iphiclides. [Livr. Jubilar Prof. L. Travassos, Rio de Janeiro] 1938:33-35, ill. (S*). Basinger, A. J. The orange tortrix, Argyrotaenia citrana. [Hilgardia] 11:635-669. Bell, E. L. A n. gen. and five n. spp. of Neotropical Hesperidae. [40] no. 1013: 11 pp., ill. Comstock, J. A. A new Apodemia from Cali- fornia. [38]' 37:129-132, ill. Comstock & Dammers. Stud- ies in the metamorphoses of six California moths. [38] 37: 105-128, ill. Dos Passes, C. F. The types of Lepidoptera described by J. D. Gunder. [40] no. 999 ; 16 pp. Filho, L. T. 1, '39] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 117 Contribuicao para o conhecimento dos "Euchromiidae" III Genero "Cosmosoma Huber 1827." [Arq. Inst. liiol. Sao Paulo] 9:59-65, ill. (S). Guedet, E.Geometrid notes and n. spp. [55] 15:29-35. Hagmann, G. Syntomideos (Amatideos-Euchromideos) do Estado do Para. [Livr. Jubilar Prof. L. Travassos, Rio de Janeiro] 1938:185-194. Kohler, P. Neotropische Psychiden aus dem Deutschen Entomologischcn Institut. [109] 6:38-42, ill. Kurz, W. Eine seltene Naturbeobactung Falter-"Mischling." [K<- mos] 2:65-66. Meadows, D. An annotated list of the Lepi- doptera of Santa Catalina Island, California. Pt. II. Sphingidae and Arctiidae. [38] 37:133-136, 111. Moore & Rawson. A new Noctuid from Michigan. [114] no. 395; 2 pp., ill. Rawson & Thomas. The occurrence of Hemiar- gus isola in northern Ohio. [19] 34:9-10. Richards, A. G. A revision of the North American spp. of the Phoberia- Melipotis-Drasteria Group of moths (Phalaenid.). [70] 19: 1-100, ill. (k*). Sauer, H. F. G. Notas biologicas sobre "Mimorista cambogiales." Pyraust. [Arq. Inst. Biol. Sao Paulo] 9:93-98, ill. Szent-Ivany, J. v. See under Anatomy. Vazquez, L. Contribuciones al conocimento de los lepi- dopteros mexicanos. [112] 9:209-223, ill. DIPTERA. Aczel, M. Das system der familie Dorylai- dae. Dorylaiden-Studien I. [34] 125:15-23. (k). Aitken, T. H. G. Two new Aedes records for California (Culic.). [55] 15:13-14. Borgmeier, T. Um novo genero de Phori- deos de Santa Catharina. [Livr. Jubilar Prof. L. Travassos, Rio de Janeiro] 1938:87-89, ill. (S*). Deshusses, J. Ner- vulation anormale de quelques Tipulidae. [41] 17:175-179, ill. Galvao & Lane. Notas sobre os Nyssorhynchus de S. Paulo. VI. Revalidacao de Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) oswaldoi 1922 e discussao sobre Anopheles (Nyssorhyn- chus) tarsimaculatus 1905. [Livr. Jubilar Prof. L. Travas- sos, Rio de Janeiro] 1938:169-178, ill. (S*). Girard, R. Un cas devolution d' Hypoderma bovis De Geer sur le che- val. [C. R. L'Acad. Sci. Paris] 208:306-307, 111. Guimaraes, L. R. Sobre uma nova especie de Nycteribiidae. [Livro Jubilar do Prof. L. Travassos, Rio de Janeiro] 1938:183-184, ill. (S*). Hoffmann, C. C. La formacion de razas en los Anopheles mexicanos. II. Anopheles albimanus y sus variedades en la republica Mexicana. [112] 9:107-180, ill. (*). Hoffmann & Samano. Nota accrca de los criaderos 118 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [April, '39 invernales de Anopheles albimanus en los pantanos de Vera Cruz. [112] 9:193,199, ill. James, M. T. A systematic and ecological study of robber flies (Asilidae) of Colorado. [Univ. Colo. Studies] 26:70-74. [Abstract of thesis]. Mai- loch, J. R. See under Special. Mangabeira Filho, O. Sobre duas novas especies de Flebotomos. (Psychod.). [Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz] 33:349-357, ill. (S*>. de Meijere, J. C. H. Die Larven der Agromyzinen. Vierter Nachtrag. [101] 1938:61-116, ill. (k). Painter, R. H.- Two n. sp. of South American Bombyliidae. [109] 6:42-45, ill. Souza Lopes, H. de. Sobre quatro novas especies de Sarcophagideos do Brasil. [Livr. Jubilar Prof. L. Travas- sos, Rio de Janeiro] 1938:279-285, ill. (S*). Sobre uma nova especie do genero Stylogaster do Brazil (Conop.). [Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz] 33:403-405, ill. (*). Sobre urn interessante novo genero de Sarcophagidae, que apresenta reduccao dos esternitos abdominaes. [Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz] 33:433-435, ill. (S*). Souza Lopes & Mangabeira Filho. Contribuicao ao conhecimento do genero Neivamyia Pinto et Fonseca, 1930 e descripcao de uma nova especie (Muscid.). [Livr. Jubilar Prof. L. Travassos, Rio de Ja- neiro] 1938:287-290, ill. (S*). Steyskal, G. C. New Stratiomyiidae and Tetanoceridae from North America. [114] no. 386; 10 pp., ill. Vargas, L. Observaciones sobre \a preferencia alimenticia sanquinea de la pseudopuncti- pennis en Temixco, Morelos. [112] 9:203-208. COLEOPTERA. Barber, H. S. A new parasitic beetle from California. (Rhipiphoridae). [19] 34:17-20. Bernhauer, M. Neue Staphyliniden aus Chile. [109] 6:12-15. Bierig, A. Neue neotropische Staphylinidae der Subfam. Aleo- charinae. [109] 6:16-31, ill. Buck, J. B. See under Anat- omy. Camargo-Andrade, C. A. Algumas notas sobre Pyro- phorus tuberculifer (Elaterid.) e descripcao de uma nova variedade bahiensis. [Livr. Jubilar Prof. L. Travassos, Rio de Janeiro] 1938:99-101, ill. (S*). Cazier, M. A. Two new eastern tiger beetles, w r ith notes (Cincindel.). [19] 34:24-28. Two new California Acmaeodera (Buprest.). [38] 37:137-140. Chagnon, G. Coleopterc de la province de Quebec. [Naturaliste Canadien] 66:8-16. (k). Con- tribution a 1'etude des Coleopteres de la province de Quebec. 1st to 5th fascicules. [Lab. Biol. 1'Univ. de Montreal] 1938: 320 pp., ill. (k). Guignot, F. Nouveaux Copelatus de 1'Amerique du Sud et des Antilles. (Dytiscidae). [25] 43: 1, '39] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 119 245-250. Hatch, M. H. List of the Coleoptera taken by Mr. George P. Eng-elhardt in Alaska in 1938. [19] 34: 45- 50. (*). Hustache, A. Curculionides nouveaux de 1'Amer- iqtie meridionale qui se trouvent dans le Deutsches Ento- mologisches Institut. [109] 5:334-349; 6:50-68. Lane, F.- Descripcao de uma especie nova do genero Prionapterus Guerin, 1832. (Prionidae). [Livr. lubilar Prof. L. Travas- sos, Rio de Janeiro] 1938:263-267, 'ill. (S*). Lison, L.- See under Anatomy. Mendes, D. Uma nova especie de Desmiphora, 1835 (Cerambycidae). [Livr. Jubilar Prof. L. Travassos, Rio de Janeiro] "1938:315-317, ill. (S*). Muche, H. Ein monstroser Strategus Validus (Scarab.) [2] 34:142. (S). Parsons, C. T. A key to the New World Amphicrossus (Nitidul). [19] 34:59-60. 'Notes on North American Nitidu- lidae, III: Phenolia, Soronia, Lobiopa, Amphotis. [5] 45: 156-164, ill. (k*). Pic, M. Drei neue Coleopteren-Arten (Helodid. & Chrysomelid.);. [109] 5:332-333. (S). Ross, E. S. A n. subgen. of North American Saprinus (His- terid.). [55] 15:39-43. (k*). Saylor, L. W. Revision of the Melolonthine subg. Phytalus of the United States (Scarab.). [50] 86:157-167, 'ill. (k*). Seven new Scarab beetles from California. [10] 41 :54-58, ill. Schedl, K. E.- Scolytidae und Platypodidae. [109] 6:45-48. (S*). Siep- mann, C. C. Hister purpurascens recorded from North America. [19] 34:10. Van Dyke, E. C. An exotic Con- oderus new to California, with a new name for bicarinatus Van Dyke (Elater.). [55] 15:11. N. spp. and subspp. of west American Coleoptera, (Lampyrid., Mycetophagid., Pythid., Pyrochroid.). [55] 15:15-20 ill. (k*). Wenzel, R. L. Short studies on the Histeridae No. 2. [43] 39:10-14. (*). White, B. E. A new Anisostena (Chrysomelid.) from Owens Valley, California. [19] 34:55-56, ill. H YMENOPTERA. Bequaert, J. - - Another Central American social wasp accidentally introduced into the United States. [19] 34:30. Carl, J. Un document myr- mecologique. [41] 17:159-164, ill. Clausen, R. See un- der Anatomy. Cockerell, T. D. A. Bees collected on the California Islands in the spring of 1938. [Trans. San Diego Nat. Hist. Soc.] 9:37-38. Cristobal, U. L.- Dos Nuevos Auxiliares de la Fruticultura Argentina. [Lab. Zool. Agr. Univ. Nac. La Plata [ Bull. No. 4: [no pagination] mimeographed. (*). Grenspan, E. M. A 120 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [April, '39 rare Hymenopteran. [19] 34:54. Linsley, E. G. Some n. gcnn. and spp. of Epeoline and Nomadine bees (Nomadid.). [55] 15:1-11. (k*). Lloyd, P. C. A study of some factors governing the choice of hosts and distribution of progeny by the chalcid Oencyrtus kuvanae. [Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London] 229 (B) :275-322. Minkiewiez, R. Les types de comportement des males de Sphegiens. [Soc. Sci. et des Lett, a Varsovie Trav. Inst. Nencki] 11 :20 pp. Les pompilides a nid fixe et ceux a nid momemtane. [Soc. Sci. et des Lett, a Varsovie Trav. Inst. Nencki] 11:48- 60, ill. Mitchell, T. B. The genus Lithurgus (Mega- chilidae). [5] 45:146-155. (k*). Muesebeck, C. F. W.- Three new Hymenopterous parasites of the Lemna fly. [10] 41 :58-62, ill. A n. sp. of Heterospilus parasitic on an injurious Anobiid (Bracon.). [10] 41 :62-63. Pierce, W. D. The black widow spider and its parasites. [38] 37:101-104, ill. (*), Sauer, H. F. G. Inimigos natur- ais da "Platyeda gossypiella" no estado de Sao Paulo Vespas de predadoras e especies de parasitas con notas. Sobre a sua biologia. [Arq. Inst. Biol. Sao Paulo] 9: 187-199, ill. Scullen, H. A. A review of the genus Eucerceris (Sphec.). [Oregon State Monogr. Stud. Ent.] 1: 80pp. (k*). Tim- berlake, P. H. N. spp. of bees of the gen.i Diadasia from California. [19] 34:11-16. Townes, H. K. Protective odors among the Ichneumonidae. [19] 34:29-30. The nearctic species of Netelia (Paniscus of authors) and a re- vision of the genera of Neteliini. [Lloydia] 1:168-223, ill. (*K). Walter, Seaton & Mathewson. The Texas leaf-cut- ting ant and its control. [U. S. D. A. Circ.] No. 494: 1-18, ill. Weld, L. H. A new Cynipid gall in Valonia. [10] 41 : 51-52. Notes on Lytoxysta brevipalpis (Cynipid.) : Chari- pinae). [10] 41:53. Wheeler, G. C. Are ant larvae apo- dous? [5] 45:139-145, ill. Wolfgang von Hagen, V. The ant that carries a parasol. [Natural Hist.] 43:27-32, ill. SPECIAL NOTICES. The Calyptrate Diptera of New (Zealand Parts VIII and IX. Malloch, J. R. [Trans. & Proc. R. Soc. N. Zealand] 68:161-258, ill. Coccidae of quarantine value for U. S. S. R. and their allied species. By Ph. Zaitzev. [Plant. Quar. Inspect. Georgia] 1937: 3-272, ill. [in Russian]. Notes on Australian Muscoidea III. Dexiinae, Phasiinae, some Tachininae and Appendix. By G. H. Hardy. [Proc. R. Soc. Queensland] 49:53-70. Sum- mary of literature under various headings. [Fortschritte der Zoologie] 3. EXCHANGES This column is intended only for wants and exchanges, not foi advertisements of goods for sale or services rendered. Notices not exceeding three lines free to subscribers. These notices are continued as long as our limited space will allow; the new one are added at the end of the column, and, only when necessary those at the top I being longest in) are discontinued. Geometers Wanted from all parts of United States and Canada, for cash or in exchange for butterflies. Noctuids or other Geometers. Edwin I. Guedet, P. O. Box 305, Napa, California. Mr. Robert "Colegio de la Salle, Vedado, Habana, Cuba," offers Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Land and Sea Shells, Bird Skins, Botanical Specimens, Cuban Cactus and cleaned "Diatom" Material. Wanted for cash or exchange any pamphlets dealing with the American Hesperiidae. K. J. Hayward, Entomologist, Concordia Experiment Station, E. R. Argentine. Wanted Megathymus streckeri from S. W. Colo, or New Mex. Also from Texas. Also M. ynccae from Colo. Offer in exch. Meq. leussleri Holl. (Nebr. race streckeri). R. A. Leusslcr, 115 S. 52nd St., Omaha, Nebr. Wanted Cantharidae of the United States, esp. those of the genus Cantharis. Will exchange named beetles of Oregon. K. M. Fender, 930 S. Davis St., McMinnville, Oregon. Desired Ichneumonidae. Especially Tryphoninac of the world for revisionary work. Will exchange or purchase acceptable ma- terial. Andrew R. Park, Jr., c/o State Dept. of Public Health, 1800 Fillmore Street, Chicago, Illinois. Lucanidae of the world. Will determine, exchange or purchase. Desire especially neotropical material for revisional work. Bernard Benesh, Box 159, North 'Chicago. 111. 60 Cocoons, carefully fed, of Samia nokomis for Comstock's Cali- fornia Butterflies and 40 for Holland's Butterflies, Vol. 2. Both either new or second, or will exchange nokomis cocoons for de- sirable butterflies, Papilio, Argynnis or Megathymus. Jack Dennis, Beulah, Manitoba, Canada. Desired Dolichopodidae of western United States and Canada. Will determine for privilege of retaining duplicates. F. C. Harmston, Ento- mology Dept., Utah Agric. College, Logan, Utah. Wanted. Chrysididae and Cleptidae of the world for cash or for exchange and determination, especially Nearctic and Neotropical material, for revisional purposes. W. G. Bodenstein, Dept. of Ento- mology, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. Mites from northern Manitoba. I have over 1600 specimens of free-living mites which I would like to have identified. Duplicates may be retained. H. E. McClure, Lewis, Iowa. RECENT LITERATURE PUBLISHED AND FOR SALE BY THE AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 1900 RACE STREET, PHILADELPHIA, PA. COLEOPTERA 1044. Robinson (M.). Studies in the Scarabaeidae. (64: 107- 116, figs., 1938) 20 1053. Blaisdell (F. E.). A study of the species of Hispinae belonging to the genus Stenopodius, with descrip- tions of new species (Chrysomelidae). (64:421-447, 3 pis., 1939) 60 DIPTERA 1047. Fisher (E. G.). North American fungus gnats (Myce- tophilidae). (64: 195-200, pi., 1938) 20 1050. Cresson (E. T., Jr.). The Neriidae and Micropezidae of America north of Mexico. (64:293-366, 3 pis., 1938) 1.50 HYMENOPTERA 1045. Pate (V. S. L.). Studies in the Nyssonine wasps (Sphe- cidae). IV. New or redefined gen. of the tribe Nys- sonini, with descr. of n. sps. (64: 117-190, 2 pis., 1938) 1.50 1049. Krombein (K. V.). Studies in the Tiphiidae. II. A revision of the Nearctic Myzininae (Aculeata). (64: 227-292, 1938) 1.30 1052. Pate (V. S. L.). Studies in the Pemphredonine wasps. II. Records and descriptions of new forms in the Ammoplanoid complex from the southwestern U. S. (Sphecidae). (64:373-420, 2 pis., 1939) 1.00 ORTHOPTERA 1042. Rehn and Rehn. The post-oak locust (Dendrotettix quercus) in the eastern U. S., with notes on macropter- ism in the species (Acrididae). (64: 79-95, 2 pis., 1938) .45 1048. Rehn and Hebard. New genera and species of West Indian Acrididae, with notes on previously-known species. (64: 201-226, 1 pi., 1938) 55 1051. Rehn (J. W. H.). Notes on the genus Haaniella, with the description of a new species (Phasmatidae). (64: 367-371, 1 pi, 1938) 20 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST A quarterly journal of general entomology published by the Pacific Coast Entomological Society. It features insect problems of the Pacific area but is in no way confined to that region. The systematic and biological phases of entomology are stressed including articles on insect taxonomy morphology, life history, and distribution. Subscription price $2.00 per yearly volume of about two hundred pages. A few complete sets of the thirteen back volumes are still available at no increase in price. 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Fine Morphos, bred Urania riphaeus at cheap rates per dozen or 100. British Lepidoptera, named: 500 species 2 cents each, 1000 do- 3 cents each, 1500 5 cents each. British Coleoptera, same rates. 42 Irving Road A. FORD Bournemouth, England OLOGICAL MAY 151! *-- ^ MAY, 1939 Vol. L No. 5 CONTENTS Hallock Notes on Pennsylvania Flea Beetles in Tobacco Fields. (Col- eoptera: Chrysomelidae) .... Schmieder The Significance of the Two Types of Larvae in Sphecop- haga burra (Cresson) and the Factors Conditioning Them. (Hy- menoptcra: Ichneumonidae) 121 125 Wood Terias palmyra Poey (Lepid.: Pieridae) 131 Knight Conostethus americanus new species from Colorado, Montana and South Dakota (Hemiptera, Miridae) 132 Abbott Why Study the Senses of Insects? 133 Worth Observations on Parasitism and Superparasitism. (Lepid.: Sphingidae; Hymen.: Braconidae, Chalcididae) 137 Fox A Note on the Fabrician Species lycaste. (Lepidoptera: Itho- miinae) . 141 Current Entomological Literature 145 PHILADELPHIA, PA. THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES, 1900 Race Street Entered at the Philadelphia, Pa., Post Office at Second Class Matter. Acceptance for mailing at the special rate of postage prescribed for in Section 1. Act of Octotrr ), 1917, authorized January 15, 1921. ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS published monthly, excepting August and September, by The American Entomological Society. Philip P. Calvert, Ph.D., Editor; E. T. Cresson, Jr., R. G. Schmieder, Ph.D., V. S. L. Pate, Associate Editors. Advisory Committee: Philip Laurent, J. A. G. Rehn, Chas. Liebeck, J. Chester Bradley, Ph.D., Frank Morton Jones, Sc.D., John C. Lutz, Max Kisliuk, Jr., Wm. W. Chapman. The subscription price per year of ten (10) numbers is as follows: United States and possessions, Central and South America $3.00, Canada $3.15, Foreign $3.25, Single copies 35 cents. ADVERTISING RATES: Full width of page. Payments in advance. 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Communications on observations made in the course of your studies are solicited; also exhibits of any specimens you consider of interest. The printer of the "News" will furnish reprints of articles, without covers, over and above the twenty-five given free at the following rates: One or two pages, twenty-five copies, 35 cents; three or four pages, twenty-five copies, 70 cents; five to eight pages, twenty-five copies, $1.40; nine to twelve pages, twenty-five copies, $2.00; each half-tone plate, twenty-five copies. 30 cents: each plate of line cuts, twenty-five copies, 25 cents; freater numbers of copies will be at the corresponding multiples of these rates. Printed over* for 50 copies, $4.00 c- more, accordine to number of paces bound. Stamps will not be accepted in payment for Reprints ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS VOL. L. MAY, 1939 No. 5 Notes on Pennsylvania Flea Beetles in Tobacco Fields. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). 1 By HAROLD C. HALLOCK, Pennsylvania State College. This discussion deals with eleven species of flea beetles found in Pennsylvania upon tobacco or upon other plants growing either in the tobacco fields or in adjoining fields. The collec- tions were made by shaking all insects from individual plants into a net and transferring the contents to a killing jar. The material was stored in alcohol until it could be studied. Dur- ing the seasons of 1937 and 1938 over 6300 flea beetles were collected. The study was confined to three localities in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. Approximately 60 percent of the col- lections were made at the Pennsylvania State College Tobacco Experiment Station where the major portion of the insecticidal tests were conducted. The Tobacco Experiment Station is located about one mile northeast of the city of Lancaster. About 25 percent of the collections were made on the farm of J. Martin Esbenshade, Jr., where additional insecticidal tests were conducted. The Esbenshade farm is about one fourth of a mile east of the Tobacco Experiment Station. Nearly 15 per- cent of the collections were made on Clyde Eshleman's farm where part of the 1937 flea beetle insecticidal tests were con- ducted. The Eshleman farm is located at Letort which is about 11 miles southwest of the Tobacco Experiment Station. It will be noted in Table I that Epitrix parvuta F. (tobacco flea beetle) and Epitrix cucumcris H. (potato flea beetle) were the important flea beetles on tobacco, although Systcna tacniata var. blanda M. (pale striped flea beetle) caused some loss in 1 Authorized for publication on February 4, 1939, as paper No. 890 in the Journal Series of the Pennsylvania Agricultural Experiment Station. 121 122 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [May, '39 1937 by feeding on newly transplanted tobacco. The table also points out that wheat was the only plant from which no speci- mens of Epitrix parvula were captured, even though collections were made whenever flea beetles were seen on plants growing in the immediate vicinity of these three tobacco fields. The flea beetles were observed on wheat in May and early June. TABLE I. FLEA BEETLES COLLECTED IN VICINITY OF PENNSYLVANIA TOBACCO Number of Individual Beetles Taken on Each Plant Host plant Month prv. cue. fus. con. pul. pro. blan. fro. bor. vit. bip. 1 Tobacco May 11 112 June 62 50 8 July 211 12 3 12 1 Aug. 400 13 2 1 Sept. 1 561 8 2 1 Oct. 271 1 1 Potato May 3 267 3 1 June 15 759 9 1 July 26 286 2 Aug. 44 30 Sept. 91 149 2 Tomato May 13 95 1 " Sept. & Oct. 54 4 1 6 1 Ground cherry 101 134 3 1 Morning glory 47 7 144 Jimson weed 62 Indian mallow 201 6 3 5 Corn 251 29 1 1 49 Sweet potato 9 6 33 Beet 19 Soy bean 69 5 Wheat 17 3 Rape 2 2 3 1 15 1 Artichoke 29 2 7 1 Peach 56 12 Zinnia 27 Plantain 29 18 4 92 Pig weed 6 14 22 9 7 Canada thistle 37 2 2 Dock 13 Burdock 24 12 4 Hibernating under a grass mat in Sept. 8 1 2 6 'par. = Epitrix pannila F. (tobacco flea beetle), cue. = Epitrix cucumeris H. (potato flea beetle), fus. = Epitrix fuscula C. (eggplant flea beetle), con. = Chactocnema confinis C. (sweet potato flea beetle), pul. = Chactocnema piilicaria M. (corn flea beetle), pro. = Chact- ocnema protensa L. blan. : : Systcna tacniata var. blanda M. (pale striped flea beetle), fro. = Systcna ironfalls F. bor. Dibolia borcalis C. vit. = Phyllotreta vittata F. bip. = Phyllotreta bipustulata F. 1, '39] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 123 In the case of the non-economic host plants the collections were made chiefly in the fall months to determine whether the flea beetles would feed readily upon weeds, etc., when the preferred food plants were not available, so the month is not given in the table. The number of each species, which is given in the table, shows only the total number of specimens collected. The relative abundance on the host plants will be discussed under each plant. Some of the unimportant host plants will not be discussed. Tobacco. The 1937-38 observations in Pennsylvania showed seven species of flea beetles feeding on tobacco but only three species were sufficiently abundant during these seasons to cause any economic loss to the growers. Under Pennsylvania con- ditions Epitrix parvula F. is the most important flee beetle on tobacco. Adults of EpitrLv parvula were seen in the field from April 20 to November 10 yet this species did not cause ex- tensive injury on tobacco leaves until after July 10, 1937 and the middle of August in 1938. When the adults of Epitrix parvula became abundant on the tobacco, the leaves were soon filled with characteristic small feeding holes. There was a heavy migration of Systena taeniata var. blanda M. from lamb's quarters (Chenopodium album L.), pig weed (Amaranthus retro fle.vus L.) and Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense L.) to newly transplanted tobacco about the middle of June 1937. The relative abundance of Systena taeniata var. blanda on tobacco is not indicated in the table as the wilted condition of the freshly transplanted tobacco made it very diffi- cult to collect flea beetles in any numbers. During May and June 1938 Epitrix cucumeris was more abundant on tobacco than Epitrix parvula. While the tobacco seedlings were still in the seed beds Epitrix cucumeris adults made their \vay into the seed beds and in some cases caused extensive riddling of the young tobacco foliage. When the tobacco was transplanted in 1938 there was a heavy migration of Epitrix cucumeris to the newly set tobacco plants. The feeding of Systena taeniata var. blanda in 1937 and Epitrix cucumeris in 1938 on newly transplanted tobacco caused heavy 124 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [May, '39 loss to the Pennsylvania growers as the flea beetles riddled the leaves and destroyed the growing tip of the young tobacco plants. As a result of this feeding many young tobacco plants died and the growers were forced to reset a larger number of plants than usual and in some cases secured a rather uneven stand of tobacco. Published records fail to show that Systena taeniata var. blanda has previously caused severe injury to the tobacco crop. Although Duckeet ( 1920) did not mention tobacco in his list of food plants of Systena taeniata var. blanda he gave a wide variety of food plants. These facts lead to the conclusion that Systena taeniata var. blanda is likely to attack tobacco only when it is unusually abundant in the vicinity of tobacco fields as occurred in June 1937. Morgan and Gilmore (1924) and Schoene and Underbill (1937) pointed out that Epitrix parvula is the important flea beetle pest of tobacco in the south. Lacroix (1935) stated that Epitrix cucumeris is one of the most important tobacco pests in Connecticut. Potatoes. It has been pointed out in the table that six species of flea beetles were observed on potatoes during the 1937-38 seasons, but only Epitrix cucumeris and Epitrix par- vula were abundant. Adult beetles of Epitrix cucumeris were observed upon potatoes nearly as soon as the potato tops ap- peared above ground in the spring and remained an important pest until fall. It is interesting to note that Epitrix parvula was scarce on early potatoes but became more common during July and continued numerous during August and September. It was not unusual in these fields during the period from August 20 to September 15 to find that 50 to 70 percent of the flea beetles on the potatoes were Epitrix parvula. (To be continued) 1, '39] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 125 The Significance of the Two Types of Larvae in Sphecophaga burra (Cresson) and the Factors Conditioning Them (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). By RUDOLF G. SCHMIEDER, Zoological Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania. In the ichneumonid wasp, Sphecophaga burra (Cresson), eggs laid upon the same host presumably by the same mother and under the same conditions of the physical environment may develop into either one of two distinct types of larvae. One of these spins only a delicate, white cocoon within which it develops forthwith into the imago ; the other spins a tough, brown cocoon, and, before transforming, undergoes an ex- tended diapause, normally lasting through the fall and winter, before it too pupates and finally emerges. These facts, recorded in a recent paper (Schmieder 1939), raise the question of the significance of these two types of in- dividuals and also the question of the nature of the determining factors that condition their production. SIGNIFICANCE IN SURVIVAL The idea that the individuals that spin the brown cocoons represent the typical form of the species (loc. cit. p. 94) finds further support from the fact that, of the two kinds, they are better adapted to survive the winter and therefore it is they, that could, if present to the exclusion of the other sort, still preserve the existence of the species. The larvae that spin the white cocoons represent then a special type of individual with a shorter life history. Their significance, at least in regard to the survival of the species, is quite evident. They represent forms that emerge within about a week after spinning and can, no doubt, immediately give rise to another generation. A succession of such short genera- tions occurring through the summer will effect a great increase in the numbers of the parasite. In many insects, a succession of short summer generations is followed by a long, overwintering generation. In Spheco- phaga, however, each generation produces larvae that transform 126 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [May, '39 immediately as well as larvae that undergo a diapause, so that we have to do with an even more effective device for ensuring survival of the species. If, let us say, a single parasite finds a hornet's nest in which to oviposit, that parasite will, of course, have daughters (in white cocoons) which emerge forthwith and in turn give rise to several generations of the same kind through the summer. However, this same original parasite will also have other daughters (in brown cocoons) which will not emerge until the following summer. These ensure that our parasite will be represented by offspring in the following season even if conditions during the present season should be- come unfavorable and the "white" daughters die without progeny. There is still another device assuring the survival of Spheco- phaga. In S. vcsparum, some of the larvae occupying brown cocoons remain in diapause only until the following spring, when they transform to emerge as adults ; others remain in diapause through a second and even through a third winter be- fore transforming (Semichon 1908). Thus the offspring are distributed in time of emergence through several seasons, in- creasing the probability that some at least will encounter a favorable season. DETERMINING FACTORS. In regard to the determining factors that condition the production of larvae that spin white cocoons rather than larvae that spin brown cocoons, nothing is as yet known. In the years since my first observations were made I have frequently sought to obtain additional material with which I hoped to breed these parasites in the laboratory and possibly discover the factors involved. Of many nests taken only the two from Media, Pennsylvania, yielded any parasites at all, and those only seven cocoons. Of four parasites that emerged, two were lost. From the remaining two I attempted to secure offspring in the hope of developing some practical method of breeding the species for experimental purposes. I confined the two female Splicco- phaga in large Comstock vials together with parts of combs containing pupae of yellowjackets, Vespa sp., from an under- 1, '39] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 127 ground nest; also with exposed pupae from the same nest and with exposed and with cocoon-enclosed diapause larvae of the mud-dauber, Sccliphron caenientarium Drury. In no instance was oviposition observed or were any parasitic larvae seen. In the absence of workable experimental procedures, there remains only the possibility of attempting an analysis of the observational data at hand. The following table records the contents of each parasitized hornet's cell studied. TABLE I No. of parasites per host cell No. of cells No. of cocoons in each cell brown white 1 10 2 1 1 2 14 2 2 1 1 3 8 3 1 1 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 1 1 2 1 4 3 2 1 2 4 5 4 1 1 2 3 3 2 5 6 1 3 3 7 1 3 4 Totals 54 99 47 From it certain generalizations can be made regarding the occurrence of the white cocoons: 1) They occur least fre- quently in those cells that harbor less than three cocoons. For example, there were twenty-eight cells that contained only one or two cocoons each. In these twenty-eight cells there was a total of forty-four cocoons of which only four were white cocoons, that is 9%. 2) The white cocoons occur more fre- quently in cells having more than three cocoons each. Five cells with four parasites each yielded nine out of twenty, or 45% white cocoons. Six cells with five parasites each yielded nineteen out of thirty, or 63% white cocoons. From these generalizations and from a further study of the cells containing four or more cocoons we may be justified in 128 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [May, '39 concluding that : In cells harboring two or three brown cocoons, any additional cocoons present are more apt to be white cocoons than we should expect on a purely chance basis. Or, to put it another way: After several "brown" larvae have fed upon a given host, any additional larvae present are more apt to spin white cocoons. Several years after first encountering Sphccophaga I began to study the biology of the chalcid-fly Melittobia. chalybii Ash- mead, and discovered in that species polymorphic forms which differed from each other not only morphologically but also, as do the two larval types of Sphecophaga, in the length of their life-histories (Schmieder 1933). In Melittobia, the larva of the type-form individual undergoes, even if kept at 25 C., a diapause lasting more than two months while the larva of the second-form adult, in the absence of a diapause, transforms immediately into the imago. The fact that in both Melittobia and in Sphecophaga there occur larvae with, as well as larvae without, an obligatory diapause suggests that a comparison of the phenomena encountered in these two insects may possibly yield evidence as to whether the determining factors that are known to be operative in Melittobia are also effective in Spheco- phaga. In Melittobia it has been shown (Schmieder 1933) that the production of one or the other of the two forms is determined by the trophic conditions obtaining during the larval growth period. A single host (e. g., Trypo.rylon or Sccliphron] pro- vides sustenance for from 500 to 800 larvae of this minute parasite. Not more than twenty of these, the first twenty, give rise in two weeks to "second-form," brachypterous fe- males and eyeless males. All the hundreds of larvae that de- velop after these first twenty give rise, after a Jong diapause, to adults of the type-form. In other Hymenoptera also, and indeed, among insects gen- erally, trophic factors more frequently than any others are found to be the mechanism that conditions polymorphism. Upon a priori grounds it is then most probable that in Sphecophaga likewise trophic differences will be found decisive. 1, '39] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 129 It may be that the mechanism for determination resembles that found in Mclittobia and depends upon some quality in the food ingested by the larvae. The first few Sphecophaga larvae that feed upon a given host may take up largely the blood of that host while those that are somewhat retarded will have to ingest more of the fat-body and the urates stored therein. This view, which seems quite plausible, finds support in observations made by Reichert (1911) on S. vesparum. Reichert alone of those who have written on this species reports finding thin white cocoons along with the typical brown ones. From one nest he records seventy-eight brown cocoons and five white ones. The white ones, the "Kummerformen," he believes result from undernourishment of the larvae and give rise to dwarf imagines. The dwarfs he obtained were only 2.25 mm. long compared with the largest giants, 8.5 mm. in length, from the brown cocoons. He also found cocoons intermediate in appearance between the normal and the starved kinds. The dimorphism in 6\ vesparum in which absolute under- nourishment produces white cocoons and in which intermediates between brown and white cocoons exist, would seem to repre- sent an earlier evolutionary stage that finds its full development in the more definite dimorphism of cocoons, without evident undernourishment and without intermediate forms, in 5". burra. In other words, the dimorphism in vesparum is imperfectly de- veloped and differentiation is in proportion to the food supply; in burra, differentiation depends, probably, on which one of two inherently possible lines of development is stimulated by a difference in some quality of the food encountered by the larva at some critical period. In regard to 5". vesparum, it should be mentioned that, at least in England (Morley 1911), it exhibits a true dimorphism. In addition to the usual winged forms there occur brachypter- ous individuals. The latter, Morley suggests, represent a summer generation that emerges and oviposits in the same, still fully tenanted wasps' nest. Morley 's descriptions of the co- coons also differ from those of continental authors, as does the absolute size of his specimens. 130 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [May, '39 The sub-optimum trophic conditions that, as has been sug- gested, act at some critical period upon the larva to direct de- velopment along that alternative path leading to a white rather than to a brown cocoon may, of course, be due to other factors than the effect of the depletion of food by sister parasites. They may be due to differences in the parts of the body of the host upon which the individual parasites feed resulting, for example, in some individuals ingesting more urates than others. Or, if we consider that, in at least a few cells, white cocoons only were found, they may be due, occasionally, to the stage of de- velopment of the host, or to some other condition that affects all parasites in a given host cell equally. Finally, it should be kept in mind that differentiation into one of the two possible types of individuals may take place as early as the ovarian egg. That differentiation may occur so early in ontogeny is shown in Melittobia, in which of the many eggs obtainable from unmated females ordinarily only 3% are capable of development (Schmieder 1938). In Sphecophaga, the observation that white cocoons appear more commonly in host cells containing a larger number of parasites would sug- gest that rapid egg-production yields a larger number of "white" individuals, while a slower egg-production, or longer retention of eggs in the ovary, has the opposite effect. As long as we know nothing at all of the oviposition habits of Sphecophaga, and so very little of the life of the early larva, it is not possible to come to any definite conclusion as to the conditioning factors responsible for the dimorphism of the cocoons. More observations are needed and experimentation will also be necessary. It is desirable that anyone wishing to contribute to our knowledge of Sphecophaga have the entire problem clearly in mind so that when a populous and well parasitized hornets' nest becomes available the necessary ob- servations can be made immediately and appropriate experi- ments undertaken without delay while the early stages of the parasite, including the eggs, are still available. Meanwhile, on the basis of the observations presented in this paper and the comparisons made between the conditions encountered in this 1, '39] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 131 insect with those obtaining in such polymorphic species as Melittobia, I feel justified in proposing the tentative hypothesis that: Trophic factors acting upon the larvae condition the de- termination of S. burra individuals into brown cocoon - and white cocoon-spinning forms, of which only the former undergo a diapause. LITERATURE CITED MORLEY, CLAUDE. 1911. Ichneumonologica Britannica. IV. Tryphoninae. Printed for the author by H. W. Brown, London. REICHERT, ALEX. 1911. Sphecophaga vesparum Rtzb., eine Schlupfwespe im Wespenneste. Ent. Jahrbuch, Leipzig, 20: 180-182. 1 pi. SCHMIEDER, RUDOLF G. 1933. The polymorphic forms of Melittobia chalybii Ashmead and the determining factors in- volved in their production. (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea, Eulophidae). Biol. Bull. 65: 338-354. 1938. The sex ratio in Melittobia chalybii Ashmead, gametogenesis and cleavage in females and in haploid males. (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). Biol. Bull. 74: 256-266. 1939. On the dimorphism of cocoons of Sphecophaga burra (Cresson). (Hymenoptera: Ichneu- monidae). Ent News 50: 91-97. SEMICHON, L. 1908. Note biologique sur le Sphecophaga vesparum Curtis. Bull. soc. ent. France, pp. 79-81. Terias palmyra Poey (Lepid. : Pieridae). Terias palmyra Poey, has not as yet been included in any list of North American butterflies. In Seitz, Vol. V. page 84, is this statement. "Palmyra Poey, (= lydia, Fldr.) from Cuba and the Gulf States," etc., etc. In August 1908 I received from the late W. S. Dickinson, of Miami, Florida, who sent me his season's catch for several years, a male specimen of Terias which Mr. Watson, of the American Museum of Natural History, identified as T. palmyra Poey. He dissuaded me from announcing it on the grounds that I had not taken it myself. I have recently received from Mrs. L. E. Forsyth, of Florida City, Florida, a female specimen of palmyra, taken by her on Key Large. Both specimens are in my collection. W. C. WOOD, Mahopac, New York. 132 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [May, '39 Conostethus americanus new species from Colorado, Montana and South Dakota (Hemiptera, Miridae). By HARRY H. KNIGHT, Iowa State College, Ames, Iowa. The genus Conostethus has not before been reported from North America, although four species are known in Europe. The genus is peculiar in having the third antennal segment permanently curved downward, also in the anteriorly curved front tibiae. The relative lengths of the antennal segments appear to give distinctive characters for separating the species. In the present study the writer has given careful consideration to descriptions of the European species, also having a specimen of C. salinns Sahib, for comparison. Conostethus americanus new species. Allied to sallnus Sahib., but distinguished by structure of the antennae; segments II and III subequal in length, the male with long hairs on the ventral surface of segment III. c?. Length 4 mm., width 1.1 mm. Head: width .82 mm., vertex .43 mm. ; vertex twice the dorsal width of an eye. Ros- trum, length 1.12 mm., just attaining base of hind coxae, pale, the apex black. Antennae : segment I, length .39 mm., thick- ness .13 mm., black, finely pale pubescent ; II, .99 mm., thickness .08 mm., slightly thicker apically, black, pale pubescent ; III, .99 mm., thickness .06 mm., distinctly decurved, ventral surface with long pale pubescence, length of hairs exceeding diameter of segment, black ; IV, .48 mm., black. Pronotum : length, .47 mm., width at base .99 mm. ; basal margin slightly sinuate, lateral margins strongly sulcate sinuate, basal angles produced and slightly reflexed ; disk moderately convex, glabrous, black, margins and median line pale, calli distinctly convex. Scutellum fuscous to black, median line pale ; mesonotum exposed, fuscous, a pale area on each side. Hemelytra reaching beyond apex of abdomen, pale translu- cent, corium and clavus shaded with fuscous, membrane uni- formly pale fuscous. Thorax chiefly fuscous, venter fuscous to black, lateral margins greenish yellow. Legs pale to dusky, 1, '39] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 133 base of coxae blackish, hind femora with fuscous above, front and middle femora with a few fuscous dots on posterior aspect ; tibiae pale, spines black, front pair strongly curved, the con- vexity on the dorsal side; tarsi fuscous, pale on basal half. 5. Length 3.9 mm., width 1.2 mm. Head: width .82 mm., vertex .45 mm. ; vertex more than twice the dorsal width of an eye. Antennae : segment I, .30 mm., fuscous to black ; II, .86 mm., cylindrical, black; III, .86 mm., more slender than II, slightly curved, black; IV, .47 mm., black. Pronotum: length .47 mm., width at base .95 mm., margins sinuate as in the male. Slightly more robust than the male and paler in color. Head pale, frons with transverse dark lines, base of head, sinuate line on vertex between eyes and spot on base of tylus and apex of frons, blackish. Hemelytra fully developed, paler than in the male, the fuscous shading nearly obsolete. Ventral surface pale to greenish ; legs pale, a few dusky points evident on posterior aspect of femora, tips of tarsi black. Front tibiae only very slightly curved. Holotype: <$ May 20, 1899; Fort Collins, COLORADO (E. D. Ball) ; author's collection. Allotype: June 2, 1899, Fort Col- lins, COLORADO (E. D. Ball). Paratypcs: ? May 24, <5 ? May 20, 1899, Fort Collins, COLORADO (E. D. Ball). 2$ "Colo. 4421." MONTANA 2 cT 9? June 20, 1938, Huntley (Wm. For- syth). SOUTH DAKOTA c? 3? June 1, 1921, Capa; 2cT, 2? May 12, 1922, Capa (H. C. Severin). Why Study the Senses of Insects'? By CYRIL E. ABBOTT, Harding College, Searcy, Arkansas. If, tomorrow, someone should discover an eyeless butterfly that frequents flowers, it would be possible to describe, with- out even seeing a specimen, certain peculiarities of the species. It would be found to possess large and peculiarly modified antennae and palpi. One, perhaps both of the sexes, would have well developed scent glands. It might have tympana. It would be modest in coloring. It would fly on dull days as well as sunny ones; it might even fly at night. Mating would take- 134 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [May, '39 place as a result of olfactory stimuli, and there would be no elaborate courtship. For the bionomics and behavior of a given species of insect depends upon its sensory equipment, so that the insect lacking in one sense has at least one of the others highly developed. At least this is true of terrestial and aerial insects. For example, insects which have high visual acuity generally have poorly developed chemical senses and vice versa. Al- though, generally speaking, the Diptera and many Hymenoptera are exceptions to this statement, there are exceptions even to these exceptions. Thus the Asilidae give little evidence of ol- factory powers, while the poor eyesight of ants is well known. Insects with auditory powers often have weaker vision than those that do not. The Noctuidae, which have tympana, have lower visual acuity than the deaf Sphingidae. Thus one is entirely justifiel in making the statement that, given a complete analysis of the senses of a given insect, he can, within reason- able limits, predict the behavior of that species. The extent to which behavior may be analyzed is excellently illustrated by predatory insects with binocular vision. Because it is necessary for the compound eyes to be simultaneously in use to fix the position, and especially the distance of its prey, the predator must be able to move its eyes, its head, or its en- tire body very quickly. Since the eyes of insects are fixed, predatory insects either have highly mobile heads (mantids, dragonflies, and certain Hymenoptera) or are able to move the whole body very quickly. Incidentally, the necessity of binocular vision for the capture of prey is easily demonstrated by covering one eye of a mantis with opaque varnish. Although the animal so treated will "strike" at flies and other moving objects, its "aim" is so poor that any success it enjoys is the result of accident, so that un- less relieved, it will starve to death in the midst of plenty. The behavior of predators without mobile heads is illustrated by the behavior of the Cincindelidae. These beetles make their captures by means of a "head on" rush. When pursued, the tiger beetle generally alights facing its pursuer, for it is in 1, '39] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 135 this way only that it can determine the distance of its enemy. A study of insect senses enables one to interpret behavior complexes. Why is it practically impossible to induce butter- flies to mate in captivity? Because butterflies, depending as they do upon vision for the majority of their sensuous stimuli, mate during, or soon after, flight. Moreover their mating is preceded by a complex courtship which seems to depend, again, chiefly upon visual stimuli. This probably accounts in part for the brilliantly distinctive markings of butterflies. Mating in- volves not only recognition of the opposite sex, but also of the appropriate species. That this recognition is imperfect is re- vealed by the frequency with which males of one species at- tempt to mate with females of a similar species. Moths, on the other hand, perhaps because they are mostly nocturnal, de- pend upon their chemical sense for the selection of mates. All this indicates that one need invoke neither "instinct" nor a "physico-chemical mechanism" to describe and interpret be- havior; a knowledge of the senses involved, combined with a little common sense, are all that are required. A knowledge of insect senses enables one to indicate the origins of such behavior. For countless generations dragon- flies have started life as aquatic animals. Even the adults are sensitive to water vapor, while their great eyes are doubtless responsive to the light reflected from extensive water surfaces. Is it any wonder, then, that the female dragonfly, in spite of her aerial habit, deposits her eggs in the water? The adult cabbage butterfly (Pieris rapae} does not feed upon cabbages, but that does not prevent the female from being sensitive, both visually and chemically, to cabbages, to the extent of depositing her eggs thereon. Even developmental processes may be interpreted on the basis of changes in the sensory equipment of the insect. The larvae of Gyrinus have filamentous antennae, while in the adult the antennae are highly modified, "shoe-shaped" structures. The submerged larva depends upon vision plus, possibly, a chemical sense, for the capture of its prey. The adult beetle seldom leaves the surface of the water excepting to escape enemies. It de- 136 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [May, '39 pends upon vibrations of that surface both for the capture of prey and the avoidance of enemies; vibrations transmitted through specialized chordotonal organs located in the antennae. The antennae of the adult also warn it of its approach to any large object projecting from the water, so that it may avoid collision with the same. Obviously senses are correlatel with the morphology, physi- ology, and ecology of the insect. The eyes of dragonfly larvae which inhabit the muddy river bottom are rather different from the eyes of those clinging to water plants. Some surface- inhabiting Hemiptera have the ommatidia on the dorsal sur- faces of the eyes smaller and more numerous than those on the ventral surface. Doubtless the visual acuity of the dorsal area is greater than that of the ventral portion. A study of insect senses enables one to help control noxious species. The destruction of the Japanese beetle through traps baited with geraniol and the killing of houseflies through the attractive yet toxic action of formaldehyde are familiar proofs of the efficacy of such knowledge. On the other hand, I have seen blowflies alight upon meat dipped in a formalin solution strong enough to prove irritating to the onlooker. The possible effects of irritants upon insects has not received sufficient attention. It has been my observation that mosquitoes are repelled chiefly by irritants. It is a recognized fact that heat radiation alone is sufficient to initiate the feeding responses of mosquitoes. In view of this, a great number of substances which are noisome merely, and which have been generally rec- commended as repellent, are totally inadequate as protection against mosquito attacks. (The best repellent to date appears to be pine tar mixed with an equal quantity of tallow. Though slightly irritating to the human skin, it is not dangerous or un- duly uncomfortable to use. Besmeared with this substance I have slept unannoyed and safe although surrounded by mos- quitoes !) In contrast to the mosquitoes, the stable fly, (Stomoxys cal- citrans) does not respo.nd to heat radiation, but to the odor of perspiration, so that a merely malodorous repellent may prove effective against this species. 1, '39] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 137 In answer, then, to the query as to value of the study of in- sect senses, one might reply : "He who is thoroughly acquainted with the morphology anl physiology of the sense organs of a given species of insect, is thoroughly acquainted with that species of insect." Observations on Parasitism and Superparasitism (Lepid.: Sphingidae; Hymen.: Braconidae, Chalcididae). By C. BROOKE WORTH, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, Pennsylvania. In September, 1938, I found a catalpa tree (Catalpa bignon- ioides Walt) at Swarthmore, Pennsylvania, infested with cater- pillars of the catalpa sphinx, Ceratomia catalpae Boisduval. More than half of the caterpillars were doomed, bearing vari- able numbers of cocoons of the braconid wasp, Apanteles con- gregatus Say. At random, I collected twenty-three caterpillars fourteen of which already bore braconid cocoons. Subsequently five more "broke out" with braconid larvae, so that only four of the original twenty-three were unparasitized. This survival rate for the sphinx caterpillars, 17%, might have been still lower, had the four unparasitized ones not been protected from wasps during their last caterpillar days in my vivarium. The nineteen parasitized caterpillars brought forth a total of 1346 braconid cocoons. These were distributed among the host caterpillars as follows : Host No. No. Cocoons Host No. No. Cocoons 1 2 11 57 2 10 12 59 3 11 13 59 4 19 14 60 5 23 15 64 6 38 16 65 7 42 17 83 8 45 18 113 9 51 19 295 10 52 Dropped off 198 Total 1346 138 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [May, '39 These cocoons yielded approximately equal numbers of bra- conid wasps (kindly identified for me by Mr. Hopper at the Academy of Natural Sciences) and superparasites belonging to the family Chalcididae. The average degree of infestation is 71 cocoons per cater- pillar, but the mean, in the actual cases, falls closer to 60. I suspect on the basis of these figures that the average A. con- gregates female lays about sixty eggs within the sphinx cater- pillar. If this be so, caterpillar No. 18 was parasitized by two wasps, while No. 19 was the victim of no less than five. The cocoons were usually disposed laterally on the caterpillar, the larvae boring their way out along the line of the spiracles. In cases of very heavy infestation, the dorsal surface of the host also bore an abundance of cocoons. The ventral surface was always free of them. The emergence of the larvae was always attended by great loss of "blood" in the hosts. They seemed never to recover from the shock, becoming very sluggish, and appearing weak and deflated. About half died before their burden of cocoons hatched ; the other half were still alive, technically speaking, at this time but were unable to move. All the caterpillars died in situ, that is, clinging to a midrib or large vein on the ventral surface of a leaf ; this circumstance is probably essential to the successful hatching of the cocoons. The cocoons hatched about a week after the wasp larvae had emerged from the caterpillars. The hatching wasps cut the tops off the cocoons very neatly, producing perfect hemispheri- cal lids which remained attached at one point by a few silken strands. Once able to lift the lid, a wasp would fairly burst out of its cocoon, running actively about the vivarium at once and very shortly taking flight, Among the Apanteles wasps there were equal numbers of males and females. One could therefore expect 336 females to be on the look-out for young catalpa caterpillars in the summer of 1939. The chalcids, however, were all females, presumably experiencing a parthenogenetic generation in September. There would therefore be twice as many females of this species (that I, '39] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 139 is, 673) on the look-out for parasitised young catalpa caterpil- lars in the summer of 1939. We may suppose, casually, that it is twice as hard for this species of chalcid to fulfill its life cycle as it is for the braconid species, for the chalcid's search for a properly prepared place to lay its eggs is more highly specialized. The four unparasitized catalpa caterpillars in my vivarium died. Had they lived, and had half of them been females (which is the most reasonable assumption), each of the two potential mothers would have to lay 202 eggs in 1939 (for 336 would fall prey to braconids, and only 17%, or 69, would survive). But if these two females left 69 surviving descendants in 1939, the population of caterpillars would be increasing at the rate of 1625% per year. The same reasoning would account for a similarly great increase of braconids and chalcids. It is safe to predict that no such thing will occur. We have assumed that all the wasps will be on hand next summer and that for this reason the moths will have to lay a large number of eggs. If we were to eliminate some of the wasps, the moths would not have to be so reproductive. During the winter the wasps conceal themselves in crevices of the bark of trees and in other such hiding places. A brown creeper, the stomach of which I examined in midwinter, contained an abun- dance of fresh insect remains ; it is likely that hibernating wasps will be consumed by creepers, nuthatches, titmice, and other small insectivorous birds. In Fall and Spring many are prob- ably caught in flight by swallows, flycatchers, and swifts, while some undoubtedly end their lives miserably in spiders' webs. A few others may fail to find a suitable colony of caterpillars to parasitize, or they may not find mates at the proper time. The question arises: how extensive is this decimation of braconids and chalcids? Returning to the catalpa moths for the answer, let us stabilize their population by allowing them neither to increase nor decrease during the coming season this time next year there must be only four surviving cater- pillars from any four pupae which are safely underground now. If the braconids parasitize the same percentage of larvae next 140 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [May, '39 summer as in 1938, the four surviving larvae in 1939 will have to witness the parasitization of 19 of their siblings. This means that each female pupa in the ground at present will have to lay 12.5 eggs next Spring in order to ensure the production of one female descendant which will survive the onslaughts of bra- conids. Allowing this figure to stand for a moment, we see that this is only 5.7% of the number of eggs the moths would have had to lay to satisfy the braconids, had they all survived. This means that 94.3% of the 1938 braconids will have to be destroyed before the summer of 1939 if the populations of both moths and wasps are to remain constant. The moths, however, will lay more than 12.5 eggs apiece. It must be presumed, therefore, that the race of C. catalpae ex- periences lethal environmental factors other than parasitism by braconids. An excess of individuals must be provided for destruction by other agencies, which might include parasites of the eggs, eaters of eggs and caterpillars (such as birds), bac- terial and other diseases of the caterpillars, shortage of food supply (as when a tree becomes defoliated), accidents to the pupae, and destruction of imagines before mating or completion of egg laying has occurred. It would be interesting to count the exact number of eggs laid by C. catalpae, to find what proportion of their reproductivity is essential to sustaining the braconid population. This figure is represented by the fraction : 12.5 Number of eggs CONCLUSIONS. 1. In a single case, caterpillars of Ccratomia catalpae were parasitized by Apantcles congregatus to the extent of 83%. 2. In a single case, larvae of Apantcles congregatus were parasitized by a species of Chalcididae to the extent of 50%. 3. Apanteles congregatus usually lays about 60 eggs. 4. The mortality of Apanteles congregatus, before complet- ing the reproductive cycle, is estimated at 94.3%. 5. The species of Chalcididae mentioned is estimated to a) 1, '39] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 141 experience a mortality twice as great as that of the braconid, or b) lay only half as many eggs, or c) lay half its eggs in cater- pillars which have not been parasitized by braconids, or d) be partially elim : nated in some other way. 6. The braconid scourge is only a small part of the mortality experienced by C. catalpae in the various stages of its meta- morphosis. A Note on the Fabrician Species lycaste (Lepidoptera: Ithomiinae). By RICHARD M. Fox, Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Recently I was confronted with the perplexing problem of the identity of the species lycaste Fabricius 1 . Since this name has been a source of uncertainty and controversy, it might be well to review here its history and synonymy, and to record my conclusion regarding the form which Fabricius intended to describe. The original description is ambiguous and, as Dr. Holland pointed out 2 , "might apply to a number of species." The fol- lowing is my translation of the Latin text: "P(apilio) H(elliconius lycaste). The elongated wings completely tawny to the black apex : f orewing with a golden yellow maculation. Figured by Jones, II, pi. 7, fig. 1 as Papilio lycaste. Habitat (unknown). In Drury's private collection (Mus. Dom.}. Small. Head black, spotted with white. Thorax tawny. Abdomen ashen. Forewings tawny at the base with a black median spot, followed by bright yellow, the black apex with several yellow spots. Hindwings tawny with a black apex." According to Butler 3 South American specimens from Mr. Milne's collection were associated in the British Museum with the name lycaste. Reference again is made to the Jones draw- ing, "This species is figured in the unpublished 'Icones' of Mr. 1 Fabricius, Ent. Syst., Ill, p. 161 (1793). 2 Holland, Butterfly Book, revised edition, p. 72 (1931). 'Butler, Cat. Fab. Diur. Lep. B. M., p. 126 (1869). 142 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [May, '39 Jones, now in the possession of F. Dawtry Drewitt, Esq., Christ's College, Oxford." In the preface to the same work, J. E. Gray said 4 , "The Museum, also contains, by purchase at Milne's, Strothard's and other sales, several specimens which originally formed parts of Mr. Drury's collection and are types from which Fabricius described other species . . . Fabricius described some hundred species from a series of drawings made chiefly from his own collection by the late Mr. Jones of Chelsea . . . Fabricius always quoted these drawings as Jones's 'Icones.' They were formerly lent to the Museum and Mr. Doubleday named part of the Museum collection from them . . . notes and sketches were made from them for the use of this 'Catalogue,' thus enabling the Museum specimens to be named from a com- parison of the original drawings." To that time there seemed to be little doubt in the minds of students as to the identity of lycaste. But as collections grew, the Ithomiinae came to be recognized as a confusing complex of similarly marked species, and the brief Latin descriptions by the early workers no longer were sufficiently precise. Reakirt attempted to further illuminate lycaste and to throw into re- lationship with it various forms then recently described by continental authors 5 . His description of "typical lycaste" how- ever, is that of a male panamensis Bates 6 . Subsequent authors, including Kirby, Scudder, Haensch and others, followed Rea- kirt in his error. Dr. Holland published on plate VIII of the "Butterfly Book" a figure concerning which he says in the revised edition 2 : "In the first edition of this book this insect was named "Ceratinia lycaste Fabricius." At the time I hastily accepted Reakirt's de- termination as correct, but long since discovered my mistake. The insect which Reakirt called lycaste Fab. and attributed to California, is undoubtedly Ithomia anaphissa H.-S. 7 , a Central American insect." It is curious to note that Reakirt's determi- nation did not agree with his own Description. 4 Butler, op. cit., pp. iii-iv. 5 Reakirt. Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., V, pp. 218-222 (1865). Bates, Proc. Zool. Soc. Loud., p. 244, pi. 29. f. 5 (female) (1869), 7 Herrich-Schaeffer, Coord. Regensburg, XVIII, p. 177 (1864). 1, '39] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 143 The revised edition of the "Butterfly Book" includes a re- production of the Jones 'Icones' figure 8 . While the Fabrician description applies to it perfectly, both the picture and the de- scription resemble the eight forms named below : Pliyciodcs quintilla (Hewitson) 9 . Hcliconius clara Fab. 1 . Heliconius metaphorus Weym. 10 . Ithomia panamensis Bates 6 . Mechanitis macrinus Hew. 11 . Ceratinia asara (Hew.) 12 . Hypothyvis pJiiletaera (Hew.) 13 . Hypothyris megalopolis (Fid.) 14 . Most of these can be eliminated promptly. The position of the cubital on the primaries in the Jones figure, as well as the lack of marginal dots on the secondaries precludes P. quintilla. H. clara has too many black median spots, while the marginal dots of the primaries are placed differently from the Jones figure. Also the cells of the secondaries of Heliconii are far shorter than the cell of the 'Icones' drawing. H. metaphorus, further, has a narrower black marginal area on the hindwing. I . panamensis differs in that there are always yellow streaks in the black apical region of the primaries, the marginal dots are white, those at the apex being far smaller than the analagous marks of the Jones figure. In M. macrinus the female re- sembles the Jones illustration, but the marginal black of the secondaries is narrower and the marginal dots at the apex of the primaries are fused into a streak. C. asara has three median black marks on the primaries, and a single large yellow apical spot, while the colors are greyer and more transparent than the opaque Jones figure. H. philctaera closely resembles the Jones figure, the secondaries and the marginal dots being nearly identical ; but the distal edge of the yellow area is more irregular than the Jones figure, and is placed nearer the apex. "Holland, op. cit., pi. LXXII, f. 2. Hewitson, Exot. Butt, V, p. 30: pi. XV, f. 23 (1872). '"Weymer, Ent. Zeit. Stett., XLV, p. 24; pi. 2, f. 1 (1864). "Hewitson, op. cit., II, p. 29; pi. 15, f. 11 (1860). "Hewitson, op. cit., 1, p. 26; pi. 13, f. 23 (1853). "Hewitson, op. cit., V, p. 24; pi. 12, f. 230 (1875). "C. & R. Felder, Reise Nov., Lep, III, p. 360; II, pi. 44, f. 9 (1865). 144 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [May, '39 Also philetacra has three median spots which are sharply angu- lar rather than roundish. It will be noted that the above elimination is based on the as- sumption that the 'Icones' figure of lycaste is an accurate rep- resentation of the specimen which Fabricius called lycaste, accurate with respect to pattern and wing shape. There are before me six examples of Hypothyris megalopolis which are remarkably similar to the Jones drawing of lycaste, except for the body length, which Holland suspected was mis- drawn 2 . This is the one point at which I am willing to concede inaccuracy on Jones' part, for the shape of the wings, the length of the antennae and such venation as is indicated in the figure certainly belong to an Ithomiine. In all of these respects, as well as in maculation and coloring, the figure agrees with meg- alopolis. One specimen, a male sent to me by R. Q. Bliss and collected July 11, 1937 at Ft. Kobbe, Panama Canal Zone (this example is now in the A. N. S. P. collection), is nearly identi- cal with the Jones' figure. Of the six specimens, the one just mentioned has no trace of yellow, except the marginal dots, in the black apical area; the other five are marked only very slightly with tiny points of yellow, never approaching the large streaks of panamensis. Because of this close agreement with the 'Icones' illustration, in addition to the fact that the Fabrician description fits, I am convinced that Fabricius had before him when he described lycaste an example of the form later described by C. and R. Felder as megalopolis. Consequently the Felder name falls as a synonym before lycaste Fabricius. Of the names applied to the group of forms which Reakirt wrongly associated with lycaste, iphianassa Doubleday and Hewiston 15 is the oldest and becomes the specific name. "Doubleday, Hewitson & Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep., p. 127; pi. 18, f. 3 (1847). 1, '39] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 145 Current Entomological Literature COMPILED BY V. S. L. PATE, L. S. MACKEY and E. G. FISHER. Under the above head it is intended to note papers received at the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia pertaining to the En- tomology of the Americas (North and South), including Arachnida and Myriopoda. Articles irrelevant to American entomology will not be noted; but contributions to anatomy, physiology and embryology of insects, however, whether relating to American or exotic species will be recorded. This list gives references of the current or preceding year unless other- wise noted. All continued papers, with few exceptions, are recorded only at their first installment. For records of Economic Literature, see the Experiment Station Rec- ord, Office of Experiment Stations, Washington. Also Review of Applied Entomology, Series A, London. For records of papers on Medical Ento- mology, see Review of Applied Entomology, Series B. Note. References to papers containing new forms or names not so stated in titles are followed by (); if containing keys are followed by (k); papers pertaining exclusively to neotropical species, and not so indicated in the title, have the symbol (S) at the end of the title of the paper. The figures within brackets [ ] refer to the journal in which the paper appeared, as numbered in the list of Periodicals and Serials published In our January and June issues. This list may be secured from the pub- lisher of Entomological News for lOc. The number of, or annual volume, and in some cases the part, heft, &c., the latter within ( )followe; then the pagination follows the colon : Papers published in the Entomological News are not listed. GENERAL. Anon. Entomological origin of the fleur- de-lis. [Ward's Ent. Bull.] 6, No. 5: 1. Department of En- tomology. [Ann. Rep. Colo. Mus. Nat. Hist.] 1938: 39-40. Conseils pour la preservation des collections. [Lambilli- onea] 1939: 36-38. Beckdorf, M. In den Pilzgarten der Atta. [Das Flussmeer] 1939: 62-74, ill. (S). Britton, W. E. Additions to the check-list of the Insects of Connecti- cut. [Conn. Geol. & Nat. Hist. Surv.] Bull. No. 60: 169pp. Carpenter, F. M. The lower Permian insects of Kansas. Part 8. [Pro. Amer. Acad. Arts & Sci.] 73: 29-70, ill. Cock- erell, T. D. A. Natural history of Santa Catalina Island. [Sci. Monthly] 1939: 308-318, 'ill. Costa Lima, A. da.- Insectos do Brasil. 1: 470 pp. ill. (K). Debauche, H. Nouvelle methode d'impregnation des cellules nerveuses par le nitrate d'argent. [Ann. Soc. Sci. Bruxelles] 59: 23-27, ill. Geary, N. Some habits of an assassin bug ( Ptilocnemus femoralis). [Australian Mus. Mag.J 6: 351-353, ill. Hatch, M. H. A bibliographical catalogue of the injurious arach- nids and insects of Washington. [Univ. Wash. Publ. Biol.] 1 : 163-224. Hetrick, L. A. Preserve life history specimens in this gelatin-formaldehyde preparation. [Ward's Ent. Bull.] 6, No. 5; 4. Holdhaus, K. Verschiedenartige Ver- breitungsbilder unter den borealpinen insekten Europas. [Forsch. und. Fortschritte] 15: 81-83. Holloway, J. K.- An agar preparation fur feeding adult parasite insects. 146 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [May, '39 [12] 32: 154. Hyslop, J. A. Giving meaning to the terms, brood and generation. [12] 31: 557-559. Kurz, H. Op- portunities for research in Florida [Proc. Fla. Acad. Sci.] 1: 7-16. Lai, K. B. Parasitism in insects. [Current Sci., Lahore] 8: 55-59. Martynov, A. B. Fossiles Insectes. [Trav. Inst. Paleontolog. Acad. Sci. USSR] 7: 7-80, ill. (Russian with English summary). Maulik, S. A method of storing small specimens in alcohol. [Mus. Jour., London] 38: 570-574, ill. Mohr, C. E. I explore caves. [Natural History] 43: 190-204, ill. Nuttall, G. H. F. Obituary. By V. L. Yakimov. [Priroda] 1938, No. 11-12: 169-171. Pough, F. H. The spider and the fly. [Natural History] 43: 220, ill. Smith, R. C. Annual insect population records, with special reference to the Kansas Summary. [12] 31: 618-622. Some phases of entomological writing from the viewpoint of the reader. [12] 31: 563-565. Swezey, O. H. Misident- ity of immigrant insects in Hawaii. [Pro. Hawaiian Acad. Sci.] B. P. Bishop Mus. Sp. Publ. 33: 6-7. van der Vecht, J. Het bewaren van insectenverzamelingen in de Tropen. [Ent. Med. Ned.-Indie] 4: 58-62, ill. Vickery, R. A.- Obituary. By O. I. Snapp. [12] 31: 637, ill. Weiss & Car- ruthers. Insect enemies of books. [N. Y. Public Library] 1937: 63 pp., ill. Whitehead, F. E. A proposed national contest for entomology students. [12] 31: 566-568. ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY, ETC. Ancona, H. L.- Histologia de la glandula venenosa de Crypsidromus brey- erii. [Ann. Escuela Nac. Cien. Biol.] 1: 107-118, ill. Balli, A. Longevita e perdita in peso negli adulti del Bombyx mori. [Mem. Soc. Ent. Italiana] 16: 115-123. Becker, W. B. -Larval development of the native elm bark beetle, Hy- lurgopinus rufipes in Massachusetts. [12] 32: 112-121, ill. Berry, R. O. Observations on chromosome elimination in the germ cells of Sciara ocellaris. [Pro. Nat. Acad. Sci. U. S. A.] 25: 125-127, ill. Chadwick, L. E. The axillary and subalar muscles in certain families of Lepidoptera. [Jour. Colo.-Wyom. Acad. Sci.] II: 47. Debaisieux, P. Organes sensoriels de la tete d'asticots (Lucilia sericata). [Ann. Soc. Sci. Bruxelles] 59: 9-22, ill. Debauche, H.- See under general. Dejong, J. K. The influence of the quality of the food on the egg-production in some insects. [Treubia] 16: 445-468. Duncan, C. D See under Hymen- optera. Fischer-Wasels, B. Die Bedeutung der Erblich- keits-Faktors in der Geschwulstentwicklung. [Forsch. und 1, '39] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 147 Fortschritte] 15: 83-84. Heuser, R. Die kulturbedingte Parzellierung der Landschaft und das haufigere Auftreten melanotischer Formen bei Schmetterlingen. [Mitt. Saarp. Ver. fur Nat. & Naturs. Pollicbia] 7: 261-266. Hoh, H.- The abnormal and characteristic behavior of the sex- chromosome in Locusta migratoria. [Trans Sapporo Nat. Hist. Soc.] 15: 247-253, ill. Jacobi, E. F. Ueber lebens- weise, auffinden des wirtes und reguliering der individuen- zahl von Mormoniella vitripennis. [Arch. Neerland. Zool.j 3: 197-282, ill. List, G. M. The effect of temperature upon egg deposition, egg hatch and nymphal development of Paratrioza cockerelli. [12] 32: 30-36. Maneval, H. La ponte ovovivipare de Chrysochloa viridis. [Misc. Ent.] 39: 99-101, ill. Omura, S. Studies on the reproduction system of the male of Bombyx mori. II. Post-testicular organs and post-testicular behaviour of the spermatozoa. [Journ. Fac. Agr. Hokkaido Imp. Univ.] 40: 129-170, ill. Structure and function of the female genital system of Bombyx mori, with special reference to the mechanism of fertilization. [Jour. Fac. Agr. Hokkaido Imp. Univ.] 40: 111-128, ill. Paramonow, S. J. See under Diptera. Reichensperger, A. Bemerkungen tiber den geschlechtsdimorphismus der Paussiden. [Decheniana] 97 (B) : 126-131, ill. Savitskaya, Z. The dynamics of the water and fat in insect body in connection with its cold-resistance. [Rep. Inst. Zool. & Biol. Acad. Sci. Ukrainian SSR] No. 5: 159-160. (Russian with English summary). Schnell, R. Les divers degres de 1'action cecidogene dun insecte, Adelges abietis. [Bull. Mensttel Soc. Linn, de Lyon] 7: 201-202. Taranukha, M. The feeding rates of Porthetria dispar in natural condi- tions. [Rep. Inst. Zool. & Biol. Acad. Sci. Ukrainian SSR] No. 5: 99-102. (Russian, English summary). Treyman, F. The number of caterpillars hatched from eggs of gypsy- moth and their survival at an early age, depending on the feeding conditions of the maternal generation. [Rep. Inst. Zool. & Biol. Acad. Sci. Ukrainian SSR] No. 5: 138-144. (Russian with English summary). Wieting & Hoskins. The olfactory responses of flies in a new type of insect ol- factometer. [12] 32: 24-29, ill. Woodhill, A. R. Salinity tolerance and pH range of Culex fatigans, with notes on the anal papillae of salt-water mosquitoes. [Pro. Linn. Soc. N.S.W.] 63: 273-281. Yemchuk, E. Catalase dynamics in Porthetria dispar and Dendrolimus pini during develop- ment. [Rep. Inst. Zool. & Biol. Acad. Sci. Ukrainian SSR] 148 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [May, '39 No. 5: 177-180. (Russian with English summary). Zavrel, J. Geechlechtsdimorphismus der Chironomidenlarven und- puppen. [Publ. Fac. Sci. Univ. Masaryk] Cis. 257: 23 pp., ill. ARACHNIDA AND MYRIPODA. Anon. Insect-in- festing mites. [Ward's Ent. Bull.] 6, No. 5: 2. Ewing, H. E. A revision of the mites of the subfam. Tarsoneminae of North America, the West Indies, and the Hawaiian Islands. [U.S.D.A.] Tech. Bull. No. 653: 66 pp., ill. (K*). Exline, H. The Araneida of Washington : Agelenidae and Hahniidae. [Univ. Wash. Pub. Biol.] 9: 1-44, ill. (K*). Jacot, A. P. New mites from the W'hite Mountains. [Occ. Pap. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.] 8: 321-332, ill. (*). Kaston, B. J. Check-list of the spiders of Connecticut [Conn. Geol. & Nat. Hist. Surv.] Bull. No. 60: 175-201. Langeron, M.- Repertoire d'especes et de genres nouveaux Acariens. [54] 17:95. Remlinger & Bailly, J. Contribution a 1'etude ex- perimentale des accidents determines par la tique du Chien (Rhipicephalus sanguineus). [54] 17: 1-3. THE SMALLER ORDERS OF INSECTS. Ghidini, G. M. La presumibile funxione delle spugne legnose nei nidi dei Metatermitidi. [Riv. Biol. Colon., Roma] 1: 261- 267, ill. Hoppe, G. N. Plecoptera of Washington. [Univ. Wash. Publ. Biol.] 4: 139-174, ill. (K*). Robert, A. Notes sur les Odonates de nominigue. Lestes eurinus et Enallagma vesperum dans le Quebec. [Le Natur. Canad- ien] 66: 47-64. Townsend, L. H. Lace wings and their allies. [Sci. Monthly] 1939: 350-357, ill. ORTHOPTERA. Alexander, G. Morphological vari- ations in Acrididae correlated with altitude. [Jour. Colo- Wyom. Acad. Sci.] II: 46. Ebner, R. Orthopterorum Catalogus. Pars 2. Tettigoniidae. Subfam. Hetrodinae, Acri- doxeninae. p. 73-94. Giinther, K. Revision der Acrydiinae I. [Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berlin] 23: 299-437, ill. (K). Hebard, M. An ecological survey of the Orthoptera of Oklahoma. [Okla. A. & M. Coll. Agr. Exp. Sta.] Tech. Bull. 5: 31 pp., ill. Schiuma, R. Informe sobre "Tucuras." [Minist. Agric. Rep. Argentina] Publ. Misc. 43: 117 pp., ill. (S). Urqu- hart, F. A. The American locust (Schistocerca americana) in Ontario. [Can. Field-Nat.] 53: 24-25. 1, '39] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 149 HEMIPTERA. Blott, H. C. Catalogue of the Corei- dae in the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historic. Corei- nae. [Zool. Mededelligen, Leiden] 20: 275-308, ill. (*S). Davidson & DeLong. Studies of the genus Empoasca (Ci- cadell.). [Ohio Jour. Sci.] 39: 110-118. (*). Drake & Poor. -Los Tingitidae. [Notes Mus. de la Plata] 3 (Zool.): 103- 109, ill. (*"). Ferris & Usinger. The family Polyctenidae (Heteropt.)- fMicroent.] 4: 50 pp., ill. (K*). Palmer, M. A. Some aphid puzzles. [Jour. Colo.Wyom. Acad. Sci.] II : 80. LEPIDOPTERA. d'Alemida, R. Ferreira Revisao do genero Anteos (Pierid.). [Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz] 33: 567-579, ill. (S). Bates, M. Notes on Cuban butterflies. [115] 13: 4 pp. Chadwick, L. E. See under Anatomy. Forbes, W. T. M. Sex differences in Lepidoptera. [Ward's Ent. Bull.] 6, No. 6: 1-2, ill. Heuser, R. See under Anat- omy. Knowlton, G. F. Lepidoptera. [Utah Agr. Exp. Sta.] Mimeog. Ser. 200: 14 pp. Schwanwitsch, B. N.- On the stereoeffect of cryptic colour-patterns in Lepidop- tera. [Comptes Rend. Acad. Sci. USSR] 21: 179-182, ill. DIPTERA. Adamson, A. M. Observations on biting sandflies (Ceratopogonid.) in Trinidad, British West Indies. [Trop. Agric., Trinidad] 16: 79-81. Bartlett, K. A. The dung rolling beetle as a host of a Sarcophagid parasite. [12] 32: 150. Dampf, A. Un nuevo Phlebotomus (Psy- chod.) procedente de Texas. [Ann. Escuela Nac. Cien, Biol.] 1: 119-132, ill. (*). Debaisieux, P. See under Anatomy. Huckett,H.C. Descriptions of new North Amer- ican Anthomyiidae belonging to the genus Pegomyia. [1] 65: 37 pp., ill. James, M. T. The evolution of a dipterous wing. [Jour. Colo.-Wyom. Acad. Sci.] II: 79. Lopes, H. deSouza. -- Sobre urn Rhinophoridae e varios Sarco- phagidae da collecao do "Deutsches Entomologishes In- stitut" em Berlin-Dahlen. [Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz] 33: 555-565, ill. (S). Paramonow, S. J. Kritische uebersicht der gegenwartigen und fossilen Bombyliiden-gattungen (Dipterder ganzen welt. [Rep. Inst. Zool. & Biol. Acad. Sci. Ukrainian SSR] No. 23: 48-86. (Russian with English summary.) Ein grundriss der biologic, der verbreitung und der okonomischen bedeuting der Bombyliiden (Dip- tera). [Rep. Inst. Zool. & Biol. Acad. Sci. Ukrainian SSR] No. 23: 87-100, -ill. (Russian with English summary). 150 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [May, '39 Rogers, J. S. Two larval crane-fly members of the Neus- ton Fauna. [Pro. Fla. Acad. Sci.] 1: 154. Sturtevant, A. H. On the subdivision of the genus Drosophila. [Pro. Nat. Acid. Sci U. S. A.] 25: 137-141. Zavrel, J. See under Anatomy. COLEOPTERA. Benick, L. Brasilianische Steninen (Staph.) [74] 16: 146-164, ill. (*K). Chagnon, G. Contri- bution a 1'etude des Coleopteres de la Province de Quebec. [Le Natur. Canadien] 66: 38-46, ill. (K). Fisher, W. S. -New neotropical Buprestidae. [74] 16: 111-145. (*). Hatch, M. H. Coleoptera of Washington : Carabidae : Ci- cindelinae. [Uni. Wash. Pub. Biol.] 1: 225-240, ill. (K*). Hustache, A. Erodiscus Schonh. Sud-Americains. (Curcu- lion.). [Bull. Mensuel Soc. Linn, de Lyon] 7: 192-200. (K*). Ceratopinae Sud-Americains (Curculion). [Misc. Ent.] 39: 89-99. (SK*). Zygopinae de L'Amerique Meri- dionale. [74] 16: 58-82. (*S). Larsson, Sv. G. Der Le- benszyklus der Carabiden Statistik als Hilfsmittel biolog- ischer untersuchungen. [34] 125: 87-90. HYMENOPTERA. Anon. Ueber den Parasitismus der Hymenopteren. [Verh. Schwiezer. Naturf. Gesell.] 119: 11-27, ill. Bequaert, J. The oriental Vespa analis and its color forms with a note on the synonymy of Vespa esakii and Vespa formosana. [1] 65: 37-42. Duncan, C. D. A contribution to the biology of North American Vespine wasps. [Stanford Univ. Pub. Biol. Sci.] 8: 272 pp., ill. LeVeque, N. Experiences with taxonomic studies of car- penter bees. [Jour. Colo.-Wyom. Acad. Sci.] II: 44. Ma- relli, C. A. Un microhimenoptero Proctrotrupoideo Tele- nomus almanzoii n. sp., de la fam. Scelionidos parasito de los desoves del bicho quemador, Hylesia nigricans. [Mem. Jardin Zool.] 7: 161-174. (*S). Moczar, L. Beobachtung- en iiber den Nestbau einiger Odynerus-Arten. [34] 125: 70- 80, ill. Statz, G. Neue Funde parasitischer Hymenopteren aus dem Tertiar von Rott am Siebengebirge. [Decheniana] 98 (A) : 71-144, ill. Weyrauch, W. Wie ein Wespennest entsteht (Nach versuchen und beobachtung en an Vespa vulgaris & V. germanica). [88] 27: 73-77. Zirngiebl, L.- See under Special in ENT. NEWS for June, 1939. EXCHANGES This column is intended only for wants and exchanges, not for advertisements of goods for sale or services rendered. Notices not exceeding three lines free to subscribers. These notices are continued as long as our limited space will allow; the new onei are added at the end of the column, and, only when necessary those at the top (being longest in) are discontinued. Geometers Wanted from all parts of United States and Canada, for cash or in exchange for butterflies. Noctuids or other Geometers. Edwin I. Guedet, P. O. Box 305, Napa, California. ^ Mr. Robert "Colegio de la Salle, Vedado, Habana, Cuba," offers Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Land and Sea Shells, Bird Skins, Botanical Specimens, Cuban Cactus and cleaned "Diatom" Material. Wanted for cash or exchange any pamphlets dealing with the American Hesperiidae. K. J. Hayward, Entomologist, Concordia Experiment Station, E. R. Argentine. Wanted Megathymus streckeri from S. W. Colo, or New Mex. Also from Texas. Also M. yuccae from Colo. Offer in exch. Metj. leusslen Holl. (Nebr. race streckeri}. R. A. Leussler, 115 S. 52nd St.. Omaha, Nebr. Wanted Cantharidae of the United States, esp. those of the genus Cantharis. Will exchange named beetles of Oregon. K. M. Fender, 930 S. Davis St., McMinnville, Oregon. Desired Ichneumonidae. Especially Tryphoninae of the world for revisionary work. Will exchange or purchase acceptable ma- terial. Andrew R. Park, Jr.. c/o State Dept. of Public Health, 1800 F'llmore Street, Chicago, Illinois. Lucanidae of the world. Will determine, exchange or purchase. Desire esneciallv neotropical material for revisional work. Bernard Benesh, Box 159, North -Chicago, 111. 60 Cocoons, carefully fed. of Samia nokomis for Comstock's Cali- fornia Butterflies and 40 for Holland's Butterflies, Vol. 2. Both either new or second, or will exchange nokomis cocoons for de- sirable butterflies, Papilio, Argynnis or Megathymus. Jack Dennis. Beulah, Manitoba, Canada. Desired Dolichopodirlae of western United States and Canada. Will determine for nrivilege of retaining duplicates. F. C. Harmston, Ento- mology Dept., Utah Aerie. College, Logan, Utah. Wanted. Chrysididae and Qeptidae of the world for cash or for exchange and determination, especially Nearctic and Neotronical material, for revisional purposes. W. G. Bodenstein, Dept. of Ento- mology, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. Mites from northern Manitoba. I have over 1600 specimens of free-living mites which T \vou1d 1'kc to have identified. Duplicates may be retained. H. E. McClurc, Lewis, Iowa. RECENT LITERATURE PUBLISHED AND FOR SALE BY THE AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 1900 RACE STREET, PHILADELPHIA, PA. COLEOPTERA 1044. Robinson (M.). Studies in the Scarabaeidae. (64: 107- 116, figs., 1938) 20 1053. Blaisdell (F. E.). A study of the species of Hispinae belonging to the genus Stenopodius, with descrip- tions of new species (Chrysomelidae). (64:421-447, 3 pis., 1939) 60 DIPTERA 1047. Fisher (E. G.). North American fungus gnats (Myce- tophilidae). (64: 195-200, pi., 1938) 20 1050. Cresson (E. T., Jr.). The Neriidae and Micropezidae of America north of Mexico. (64:293-366, 3 pis., 1938) 1.50 HYMENOPTERA 1045. Pate (V. S. L.). Studies in the Nyssonine wasps (Sphe- cidae). IV. New or redefined gen. of the tribe Nys- sonini, with descr. of n. sps. (64: 117-190, 2 pis., 1938) 1.50 1049. Krombein (K. V.). Studies in the Tiphiidae. II. A revision of the Nearctic Myzininae (Aculeata). (64: 227-292, 1938) 1.30 1052. Pate (V. S. L.). Studies in the Pemphredonine wasps. II. Records and descriptions of new forms in the Ammoplanoid complex from the southwestern U. S. (Sphecidae). (64:373-420, 2 pis., 1939) 1.00 ORTHOPTERA 1042. Rehn and Rehn. The post-oak locust (Dendrotettix quercus) in the eastern U. S., with notes on macropter- ism in the species (Acrididae). (64: 79-95, 2 pis., 1938) .45 1048. Rehn and Hebard. New genera and species of West Indian Acrididae, with notes on previously-known species. (64: 201-226, 1 pi., 1938) 55 1051. Rehn (J. W. H.). Notes on the genus Haaniella, with the description of a new species (Phasmatidae). (64: 367-371, 1 pi., 1938) .20 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST A quarterly journal of general entomology published by the Pacific Coast Entomological Society. It features insect problems of the Pacific area but is in no way confined to that region. The systematic and biological phases of entomology are stressed including articles on insect taxonomy morphology, life history, and distribution. Subscription price $2.00 per yearly volume of about two hundred pages. A few complete sets of the thirteen back volumes are still available at no increase in price Address: California Academy of Sciences San Francisco, California PERU BEETLES FROM THE PRIMITIVE FOREST AND BUTTERFLIES OF THE BEST QUALITY AND AT THE CHEAPEST PRICES PEDRO PAPRZYCKI, SATIPO, PERU, SOUTH AMERICA PANAMA CANAL ZONE INSECTS Determined material by the specimen: Diurnal Lepidoptera, Sphingidae, Saturnidae, Scarabaeidae, Carabidae. Write for price list. Undetermined material in several orders available in lots: Make offer in terms of rate per specimen. R. M. FOX, 425 N. 20th Street, Philadelphia, Pa. THE NATURALIST'S DIRECTORY This handy reference volume contains the names, addresses and spec- ial subjects of study of professional and amateur naturalists in North and South America and other countries. The 1938 edition hasjustbeen publish- ed and is undoubtedly the "Who's Who" of natural sciences. If you are inter- ested in some branch of natural history your name should be included. No charge is made for inserting your name. If you desire a copy, the price is $3.00, postpaid, from: THE NATURALIST'S DIRECTORY, SALEM, MASS. WARDS NATURAL SCIENCE ESTABLISHMENT, inc J The Frank A. Ward Foundation of Natural Science of the University of Rochester HEADQUARTERS FDR ENTOMOLOGICAL EQUIPMENT 300 NORTH GOODMAN STREET ROCHESTER:.... NEW YORK FOR SALE Seitz: Lepidoptera of the World, well bound and in good condition: Palaearctic Lepidoptera, complete in 8 vols. (cost $130.00) $^5.00. Ditto Supplement, 1 vol. $25.00- Indo-Australian Butterflies, 2 vols. ($120.00) $60.00, ditto Sphinges and Bom- byces, 2 vols. ($60.00) $30 00. American Butterflies, 2 vols. ($125 00) $65.00. African Butterflies, 2 vols. $60.00 '^09 parts (cost $250.00) $75.00. Swynnerton and Hon. Ormsby-Gore: Tsetse Flies of East Africa, ($27.50) $12.00. Donovan: Insects of Indi , scarce, $12.00. Curtis: British Entomology, complete in 8 vols. ($140.00) $70.00. Trans, of Royal Entomological Society of London, /^cost. Meyers: Insect Singers, Cicadas, new ($5.25) $2.00. Oonisthorpe- British Ants, new, ($5.25) $2.00. Ditto Guests of Ants, $2.00. Others. Postage extra. Fine Assam butterflies in papers (many Papilios) $6 00 per 100. Fine Morphos, bred Urania riphaeus at cheap rates per dozen or 100. British Lepidoptera, named: 500 species 2 cents each, 1000 do- 3 cents each, 1500 5 cents each. British Coleoptera, same rates. 42 Irving Road A. FORD Bournemouth, England 1 SEE SECOND PAGE OF COVER FOR NEW ADDRESS OF EDITOR ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS JUNE, 1939 Vol. L No. 6 CONTENTS Voris Immature Staphylinids of the Genus Quedius. (Coleoptera: Staphylimdae) 151 Hallock Notes on Pennsylvania Flea Beetles in Tobacco Fields. (Col- eoptera: Chrysomelidae) 156 Felt A New Juniper Midge. (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) 159 Roberts New Name for a Genus of the Group Melanopli (Acrididae: Orthoptera) 160 Wing An Annotated List of the Ants of Maine (Hymenoptera: Form- icidae) 161 Knowlton and Allen Aphids of the Genus Kakimia Infesting Ribes. (Homoptera) 166 Current Entomological Literature 171 Review of Duncan's A Contribution to the Biology of North American Vespine Wasps 178 Doings of Societies. The Puget Sound Entomological Society .... 179 Wesson, Jr. Leptothorax manni Wesson synonymous with L. pergan- dei Emery (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) 180 PHILADELPHIA, PA. THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES, 1900 Race Street Entered at the Philadelphia, Pa., Post Office as Second Class Matter. Acceptance for mailing at the special rate of postage prescribed for in Section 1. Act of October 3, 1917, authorized January 15, 1921. ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS published monthly, excepting August and September, by The American Entomological Society. Philip P. Calvert, Ph.D., Editor; E. T. Cresson, Jr., R. G. Schmieder, Ph.D., V. S. L. Pate, Associate Editors. Advisory Committee: Philip Laurent, J. A. G. Rehn, Chas. Liebeck, J. Chester Bradley, Ph.D., Frank Morton Jones, Sc.D., John C. Lutz, Max Kisliuk, Jr., Wm. W. Chapman. The subscription price per year of ten (10) numbers is as follows: United States and possessions, Central and South America $3.00, Canada $3.15, Foreign $3.25, Single copies 35 cents. 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Communications on observations made in the course of your studies are solicited; also exhibits of any specimens you consider of interest. The printer of the "News" will furnish reprints of articles, without covers, over and above the twenty-five given free at the following rates: One or two pages, twenty-five copies, 35 cents: three or four pages, twenty-five copies, 70 cents; five to eight pages, twenty-five copies, $1.40; nine to twelve pages, twenty-five copies, $2.00; each half-ton* plate, twenty-five copies, 30 cents; each plate of line cuts, twenty-five copies, 25 cents; greater numbers of copies will be at the corresponding multiples of these ratej. Printed (over* for SO copies, $4.00 or more, according to number of pages bound. Stamps will not be accepted in payment for Reprints ENT. NEWS, VOL. L. Plate I 21 IMMATURE STAPHYLINIDS, GENUS QUEDIUS.-VoRlS. ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS VOL. L. JUNE, 1939 No. 6 Immature Staphylinids of the Genus Quedius (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae*). By RALPH VORIS, Southwest Missouri State Teachers College Springfield, Missouri. (Plate I.) The larvae of the genus Qucdius are small to medium sized, campodeaform ; urogomphus short, confluently not more than twice as long as pseudopode, of one or two segments, second segment when present short and fleshy; maxillary palps three; labial palps two ; ocelli four or absent. Key to the knoivn larvae. 1. Urogomphus of one segment; clypeo-labral margin with median tooth very short, clypeal teeth forming an angle of 30 Q. molochimis. Urogomphus biarticulate 2. 2. Clypeo-labral margin with median tooth nearly as long as lateral, clypeal teeth forming an angle of 40 to 45. Q. capucinus. Clypeo-labral margin with median tooth one-half length of first laterals, clypeal teeth forming an angle of 30. Q. spclacns. QUEDIUS Stephens. Qucdius Stephens, 1832, 111. British Ent. 5:214. ace Bernhauer & Schubert, 1916, Junk, Coleop. Cat. pars 67:417. Egg. Known only in Qucdius molocliinns (Gravenhorst). Larva. Cylindrical, head and thorax dark testaceous to brownish-rufous, abdomen dirty-gray to dirty-brown. Head rectangular, sides parallel ; not exhibiting a micro- scopic coriaceous appearance ; frontal suture a smooth arc to very slightly flattened at point of union with cpicnmial suture, gula subtriangular to nipple shaped, reaching one-half distance to neck. Clypeo-labral margin with nine prominent teeth, median tooth short, first lateral long, conical, median clypeal * Entomological Contribution N<>. 6, Department of Science, Southwest Missouri State Teachers College, Springfield, Missouri. 151 fi 1938 152 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [June, '39 very distinct. Ocelli four except in Qucdius spelaeus where they are absent. Antennae short, stubby, third segment widest near middle and from this point sloping anteriorly and pos- teriorly. Maxillae with palps of three segments, second seg- ment longer than first, slightly curved, bearing one spine on inner surface and one on outer surface; third long, slender, conical. Labium with most of the slightly chitinized portion of the dorsal surface of the stipulae, the palpigers and the pos- terior portion of the ligula covered with small spines ; palpigers prominent, not globular ; ligula conical ; palps of two segments, first long cylindrical, second long, slender conical. Spines be- low mouth opening may or may not be present, if present in the form of a single row or parts of a row. Spines above the mouth opening arranged in two rather large confused groups extending from a median position towards the corners of the mouth opening. Mouth opening angular. Abdomen with urogomphus of one or two segments, clothed with a few bristle-like spines; terminal spine long bristle-like and a very short spine on inner angle of apex. Pupa. Anterior margin of prothorax may or may not bear spines ; lateral margins of the fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth and ninth abdominal segments each bearing spines ; term- inal segment bearing two spines in the male and four in the female pupa, (see figs. 9 & 10). QUEDIUS MOLOCHINUS (Graveiihorst ) . Staphylinus molochhms Gravenhorst, 1806, Monogr. Coleop- terorum Micropterorum 46. Qucdius molochinus Erichson, 1840, Genera et Species Staphyl- inorum 535. Horn, 1878, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 7:163. Xambeu, 1910, L'Echange 26:47. (See figs. 4, 8, 12, 13, 19, 20 & 21). Egg. Oval, yellowish white ; surface faintly granular ; length 1.2-1.5 mm., width 0.9-1.1 mm.; emergence opening a length- wise slit. Larva. Head and thorax dark brownish-rufous, abdomen dirty-gray never becoming yellow. Length mature larva 11.- 13. mm., width 1.5-1.7 mm. Head rectangular, one-half longer than wide, hind angles obtusely rounded; arc of frontal suture not deep but slightly flattened at point of union with epicranial suture; gula slightly nipple shaped ; scar located opposite base of nipple. Clypeo- labral margin with median tooth short, one-fourth length of first lateral ; clypeal and labral teeth not forming a smooth arc as the first clypeal tooth is below the line formed by the third 1, '39] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 153 clypeal and first laterals; clypeals forming an angle of 30. Ocelli; second ocellus superior to line between first and third and slightly nearer third than first; second and fourth equi- distant from third ; fourth ventral and posterior to third ; sec- ond, third and fourth subequal in diameter and slightly larger than first. Antennae with second segment two-fifths longer than first; third widest near middle, as long as second; thumb slender, two and one-half times as long as wide; fourth segment only slightly longer than first; two-thirds as wide as base of third. Maxillae with stripes as long as cardo ; lacinia nearly as long as palpifer and first segment of palps, four times as long as wide; palps with second segment two-fifths longer than first, spine on inner surface four-fifths anterior, third segment slightly longer than second. Labium with band separating pos- terior half of dorsal surface of palpigers from stipulae narrow ; spines on dorsal surface covering posterior two-thirds of the ligula as well as the slightly chitinized portion of the stripes and the dorsal surface of the palpigers; ligula less than one-half as long as first segment of palps ; palps with second segment slender, nearly as long as first segment. Spines below mouth opening present, median portion of row depressed so as to appear as two short arcs, median and terminal spines in row snorter. Spines above the mouth opening in two groups ex- tending from a median position to the corners of the mouth opening, spines sparse, confused, and irregular, not arranged as if combed. Mouth opening angular. Abdomen with urogomphus of one segment ; fleshy, not as long as pseudopode, constricted four-fifths posterior but con- striction not enough to allow the posterior portion to be called a second segment. Pupa. Length 7. mm., width 2.6 mm. ; spines on anterior margin of prothorax lacking; spines on lateral margins of the fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth and ninth abdominal seg- ments short, sharp ; terminal spines short, sharp ; female acces- sory sharp, slightly longer than terminal spines. Adult determined by Howard Notman. The mature and immature individuals both occur under old hay and vegetable debris. They occur with Q. capticimis but they are never as abundant. Pupation occurs both above and below the surface of the ground and the place of pupation is relatively deeper than capucinus. One egg was collected at Bloomington, Indiana, 11.14.26 from under old hay. The egg hatched eight days later and in 154 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [June, '39 a few days the larva fed readily on Drosophila larvae. Death occurred hefore the first molt, probably because of the daily variation in the temperature of the laboratory which is ab- normally high at night when the building is closed. In only four cases is the exact age of the pupa known. In these cases the length of the pupal period varied from eleven to fourteen days. All were collected in early spring at Bloom- ington, Indiana, and were reared inside where they may have been affected by the temperature of the building. No conclu- sion can be drawn from these figures as to the variation in length of the pupal period of this species. The material available for study includes four larval exuviae, twenty-two pupal exuviae, and twenty-one reared adults. The immature forms were collected at Bloomington and Charles- town, Indiana and Springfield, Missouri. QUEDIUS CAPUCINUS (Graveiihorst ) . Staphylinus capucinus Gravenhorst, 1806, Monographia Col- eopterorum Micropterorum 40. Distichalius capucinus Casey, 1915, Memoirs on the Coleoptera 6 :405. Qucdius capucinus Erichson, 1840, Genera et Species Cole- opterorum 531. Horn, 1878, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 7:160. Leng, 1920, Cat. Coleop. Amer. N. of Mexico 109. (See figs. 1, 2, 3, 5, 6. 7, 9, 10, 11, 14, 15, 16, 17 & 18). Egg. Unknown. Larva. Head and thorax brownish-rufous ; abdomen dirty- gray, never becoming yellow. Length of mature larva 9. - 11. mm., Width 0.8 - l.O'mm. Head rectangular, one-third longer than wide, hind angles prominent, well rounded ; neck three-fifths as wide as head ; frontal suture forming a deep arc, only slightly flattened at the point of union with the epicranial suture; gular suture subtriangular to very slightly nipple-shaped; posterior tip of scar located lateral to the posterior tip of gula. Clypeo-labral margin with median tooth two-thirds as long as first lateral : clypeal and labral teeth forming a rather smooth arc ; clypeal teeth forming an angle of 40 -45. Ocelli; second ocellus very slightly superior to the line between the first and third ; fourth almost directly ventral to third; all about equidistant and sub- equal in size; together they form almost a right angle. .-/;/- tennae with second segment one-half longer than first; third 1, '39] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 155 widest slightly anterior to middle, as wide as and one-half longer than second segment; thumb slightly longer than wide; fourth segment as long as first and as wide as base of third. Maxillae with stipes twice as long as cardo ; lacinia as long as palpi fer and first segment of palps, four times as long as wide; palpifer twice as wide as long; palps with second segment almost twice as long as first, spine on inner surface three-fourths posterior, spine on outer surface three-fourths anterior, third segment long, slender, longer than second. Labi um with the band sepa- rating the posterior half of the dorsal surface of palpigers from the stipulae broad, triangular ; ligula one-half as long as first segment of palps, posterior four-fifths of dorsal surface cov- ered with small spines ; palps with second segment slightly shorter than first. Spines below the mouth opening absent ex- cept at the angles of the mouth. Spines above the mouth open- ing arranged in two confused groups extending from a median position to the corners of the mouth opening and so arranged in small groups as to appear as if they had been combed trans- versely with a coarse comb. Mouth opening angular. Abdomen with urogomphus biarticulate, fleshy ; confluently three-fourths as long as pseudopode ; second segment short but definitely formed, naked except for terminal spines, twice as long as wide, two-fifths as wide as and one-third as long as first segment. Pupa. Length 5. - 6. mm., width 2. mm.; anterior margin of prothorax bears one pair of very short stiff spines; lateral margins of the fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth and ninth abdominal segments each bear a single short sharp spine ; ter- minal spines long, sharp ; female accessory spine long, sharp. Adult determined by Howard Notman. The larvae, pupae and adults are extremely common under old hay or vegetable debris which is decaying. They are to be found all winter (near Bloomington, Indiana) in such habitats in both the immature and adult stages. The length of the pupal period varies from ten to sixteen days. (For a detailed account see Voris, 1934, Table II.) The larvae form nest-like cavities either above or just below the surface of the ground. As in P. tctrayonoccphahis Xotman. the amount of moisture seems to influence the place of pupation. The material available for study includes 118 slides of larval exuviae and larvae, 143 slides of pupal exuviae and pupae, 138 reared adults and many preserved (alcoholic) specimens of larvae and pupae. All material was collected either at Bloom- ington, or Charleston, Indiana. (To be continued.) 156 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [June, '39 Notes on Pennsylvania Flea Beetles in Tobacco Fields (Goleoptera: Chrysomelidae). By HAROLD C. HALLOCK, Pennsylvania State College. (Continued from page 124.) It is interesting to note that Jewett (1929) found that Epi- trix cucuineris was largely replaced on potatoes in Kentucky by Epitrix fuscula as he reported 82 percent of the flea beetles were Epitrix fuscula. Although Epitrix fuscula was abundant on eggplant in Pennsylvania only a few specimens were found in the potato experimental fields. Lacroix (1935) reported Epitrix parvula as a rare insect in Connecticut. It is apparent, that Epitrix cucuineris is a northern insect and that Epitrix parvula is largely southern in its distribution, yet they are both injurious pests in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. Tomatoes. Conspicuous flea beetle feeding was observed upon tomato plants in seed beds and upon plants that had re- cently been transplanted to the field during May and June 1938. Collections made in late May showed an average of 88 percent Epitrix cucumeris and 12 percent Epitrix parvula. Very little flea beetle feeding on tomatoes was apparent during the re- mainder of the 1938 season in the 3 acre tomato field on the Esbenshade farm, although it joined the tobacco field which was heavily infested with Epitrix parvula from the middle of August until late October. The September and October figures, which are given in the table, represent collections from a large number of mature tomato plants while the May collections were from about a dozen small plants. Corn. Five species of flea beetles, which are named in table I, were found moderately plentiful on corn from May until September. The corn was grown adjoining the tobacco fields at the Tobacco Experiment Station and on the Esbenshade farm. Although the flea beetles were observed to feed upon the leaves and the corn silk they never were sufficiently numer- ous to cause any crop injury. When the corn silk was young 10 to 15 flea beetles were often found burrowing in the silk of each ear. The young corn silk appeared especially attractive to Epitrix parvuta and their abundance on corn increased at that time. 1/39] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 157 Ground cherry. Whenever ground cherry (Physalis sp.) was found in the vicinity of the three tobacco fields the leaves were always riddled by the flea beetle feeding. The injury to these weeds was caused by the feeding of Epitrix cucumeris and Epitrix parvula. Jimson weed. Very little jimson weed (Datura stramonium L.) was allowed to grow in the vicinity of the three experi- mental tobacco fields. When jimson weed plants were found they always had the characteristic flea beetle feeding which was caused in this case by Epitrix parvula. Morning glory. Although wild morning glory {Convolvulus septum L.) generally shows considerable flea beetle foliage injury it can not be classed as a favored host plant of Epitrix parvula. During September 1937 wild morning glory, which was growing at the edge of Esbenshade's tobacco field, had a considerable number of Epitrix parvula feeding on its leaves. Collections were made again in May and October 1938 and the flea beetle population on wild morning glory was found at that time to be over 95 percent Chaetocnema con finis. Indian mallow. After the old tobacco stumps had been en- tirely destroyed by plowing in the fall of 1938 a large number of Epitrix parvula were found on indian mallow (Abutilon flieoplirasti M.) which remained growing along the edge of the tobacco field at the Tobacco Experiment Station. The flea beetles were found feeding only on the under surface of the indian mallow leaves and they did not eat holes clear through the leaves as in the case of all other host plants observed. When the tobacco and potato crop remains were destroyed by plowing in early September at the Tobacco Experiment Station the flea beetles congregated upon any small portion of the tobacco plants, which was not completely covered, and upon weeds along the border of the field. These small crop remnants were rapidly destroyed by the flea beetle feeding. The few remaining weeds, which were not destroyed, along the sides of the field were inhabited for a short time but the flea beetle population rapidly decreased in September and October at the 158 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [June, '39 Tobacco Experiment Station. It is interesting to compare this condition with the tobacco field upon the Esbenshade farm that was disced in October instead of the earlier plowing. There was a large amount of tobacco plant remnants left in the field, which had been disced, and a heavy flea beetle population con- tinued in this tobacco field during October. SUMMARY. There is considerable variation in the relative abundance of the different species of flea beetles found in the vicinity of tobacco at different periods of the growing season. The most abundant species during April, May and June was Epitrix cucumeris. This species caused severe injury to the foliage of tobacco plants that were growing in seed beds and that had been recently transplanted. During the same period heavy feeding by Epitrix cucwncris was also observed in potatoes and young tomato plants. A heavy infestation of Systcna tacniata var. blanda occurred on weeds in June 1937. When the tobacco was transplanted into the field Systcna tacniata var. blanda migrated to the to- bacco in large numbers and caused severe injury. This flea beetle was scarce in Lancaster County in 1938. Although Epitrix parvula adults were present on plants in Lancaster County from April until November they did not be- come sufficiently abundant to cause plant injury until July 1937 and August 1938. This species was the predominating species in tobacco fields during July, August and September. Epitrix parvula was scarce on early potatoes but increased in abundance in August. It was often more abundant on potatoes in late August and early September than Epitrix cucwncris. When the tobacco crop had been harvested Epitrix parvula continued to feed upon the tobacco suckers which sprouted from the tobacco stumps. The destruction of the tobacco suck- ers forced Epitrix panntla to feed on weeds and other plants along the sides of the tobacco field. When all tobacco crop remains and other favorite food plants of Epitrix parvula were destroyed in the early fall this flea beetle soon became scarce 1, '39] ENTOMOl.ni;i( AI. .\K\VS 159 in the vicinity of the tohacco field which had been properly cleaned. When tobacco crop remains were present in the field Epitrix parvula continued to feed abundantly until early No- vember in 1938. It is apparent that Epitrix parvula prefers to feed upon to- bacco when that plant is present. This flea beetle was also observed to feed readily upon potato, ground cherry, jimson weed, indian mallow, corn, tomato and many other plants to a lesser -degree during the fall months. LITERATURE CITED. DITKETT, A. B. 1920 . Annotated list of Halticini. Univ. of Md. Agri. Exp. Sta. Bull. 241, p. 111-155. JEWETT, H. H. 1929. Potato flea-beetles. Ky. Agri. Exp. Sta. Bull. 297, p. 282-301. illus. LACROIX, D. S. 1935. Insect pests of growing tobacco in Con- necticut. Conn. Agri. Exp. Sta. Bull. 379, p. 87-130, illus, MORGAN, A. C. and GILMORE, J. U. 1924. The tobacco flea- beetle in the dark fire-cured tobacco district of Kentucky and Tennessee. U. S. Dept. Agri. Farmer's Bull. 1425, p. 1-12, illus. SCHOENE, W. J. and UNDERHII.L, G. W. 1937. Suggestions for control of tobacco flea beetle. Va. Agri. Exp. Sta. Bull. 313, p. 11-14, illus. A New Juniper Midge (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). By E. P. FELT, Bartlett Tree Research Laboratories, Stamford, Connecticut. The insect described below caused serious injury last summer to Juniper twigs in the midwest. Specimens were received in 1938 from Prof. Leonard Haseman, Columbia, Missouri, Prof. George A. Dean, Manhattan, Kansas, Prof. Raymond Roberts, Lincoln, Nebraska, and Lee H. Townsend, Instructor in Zo- ology, Lexington, Kentucky. Evidently the insect was abund- ant over a considerable area. Contarinia juniperina n. sp. Mi.dc. Length 1.5 mm., antennae one-fourth longer than the body, thickly haired, dark brown, 14 segments, the fifth with 160 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [June, '39 stems each with a length two and one-half times the diameter; the terminal segment having the basal stem with a length three times its diameter, the distal enlargement broad with a length about twice its diameter and broadly roundel apically. Palpi ; the first segment short, quadrate, the second and third approx- imately equal and the fourth one-half longer than the third, greatly flattened and broadly rounded. Mesonotum, dark red- dish brown, the scutellum reddish brown, the postscutellum fuscus yellowish, abdomen dark reddish brown, wings hyaline, halteres and legs mostly dark straw. The claws simple, the pulvilli as long as the claws. Genitalia ; basal clasp segment moderately stout, terminal clasp segment rather short, stout, dorsal plate deeply and triangularly emarginate, the lobes broadly rounded apically ; ventral plate deeply and roundly emarginate, the lobes moderately long and irregularly rounded apically; style rather short. Female. Length 1.5 mm., antennae one-third the length of the body, dark straw, the fifth cylindrical with the enlargement one-half longer than the diameter, the stem one- fourth the length of the enlargement, the terminal segment broad, broadly rounded and with a length one-half greater than the diameter. Mesonotum dark reddish brown, scutellum dark yellowish, postscutellum dark reddish, abdomen reddish brown, ovipositor yellowish, about one-half the length of the body, the terminal lobes with a length six times the width, slender and tapering to an acute point, halteres pale straw, slightly fuscus apically, coxae and femora pale straw, tibiae and tarsi mostly dark straw, otherwise as in the male. Described from dry specimens reared at Columbia, Missouri, April 1939. This species approaches in general characters the smaller and different C. balsamifera Felt. Type deposited in the U. S. National Museum. New Name for a Genus of the Group Melanopli (Acrididae: Orthoptera). Necaxacris new name. This is a new name for the genus Ncca.va Hebard, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., LVIII, p. 290, 1932, which is preoccupied by Necaxa Baker 1930 (Mollusca}. The above name is proposed at this time in order to anticipate any author possibly proposing a name for the genus before my studies on the Mexican Mela- nopli have been published, since type labels, etc., and manuscript have been already completed for this group. H. R. ROBERTS. 1, '39] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 161 An Annotated List of the Ants of Maine (Hymenoptera : Formicidae). By MERLE W. WING. 35 Bradbury Street, Old Town, Maine. Concerning the extent of Maine's formicifauna, Dr. W. M. Wheeler 1 states: "I believe that there can be hardly more than 35 or 40 species, subspecies and varieties in the whole State." In this paper 54 forms are listed for Maine. Only those forms which have been specifically determined are included. Approxi- mately 13 species, subspecies, and varieties not fully determined have been omitted. It would seem that ultimately more forms will be added to this list, in that the collecting to date has not been intensive throughout the State. Of the 54 forms listed, the following have been taken for the first time : Formica ve- titla Wheeler and F. nibicunda Emery. The annotations while few and brief have been made only on forms collected by the writer. The works of W. M. Wheeler, C. W. Johnson, and William Procter have been used freely. Local names followed by Wheeler refer to the Casco Bay Region, while those followed by Johnson, Procter, or Brower refer to the Mt. Desert Region. From these works, further annotations on species listed herein can be obtained together with information on the climate and geography of Maine. The writer acknowledges the valuable assistance rendered by the late Dr. W. M. W r heeler in guidance during the early stages of this investigation; to Dr. M. R. Smith and Dr. Nea! A. Weber thanks are due for their determinations, verifications, and valuable assistance of a general nature. In addition various unpublished records have been supplied by Dr. M. R. Smith and Mr. H. B. Peirson, State Entomologist. Subfamily PONERINAE. 1. PONERA COARCTATA Sllbsp. PENNSYLVANICA Buckley. Casco Bay Region (Wheeler) ; Bar Harbor, Tremont (A. E. Brower); Oakland (D. S. Fink); Orono (G. W r . Simpson). Enfield (A. W. Berrie) ; Old Town, Orono (\Ving). Many small colonies under stones along edge of clearings near Old Town. 1 The Ants of Casco Bay, Maine, with Observations on Two Races of Formica sanguined Latreille. Bull. Amer. Mils. Xat. Hist. 24, Art. 33, 1908, p. 619. 162 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [June, '39 Subfamily MYRMICINAE. 2. MYRMICA BREVINODIS Emery. Casco Bay Region (Wheeler) ; Hodgdon Brook, Station F181 (Procter) ; En- field (A. W. Berrie) ; Presque Isle, Lamoine (Wing). Forming medium-sized colonies under stones and bits of wood in open places. 3. M. BREVINODIS subsp. suLciNODOiDES Emery. "Maine" (Emery); Ogunquit (Pratt). 4. M. LOBICORNIS subsp. FRACTICORNIS Emery. Lower Goose Island, Sebascodegan Island (Wheeler) ; S. W. Harbor, Green Mt., Long Pond (Johnson, Procter) ; Station F 173, Eden-Town Hill Road (Procter) ; Presque Isle, Old Town (Wing). 5. M. SABULETI subsp. AMERICANA Weber (M. S.) Mt. Desert (Hagen, McAtee) ; Old Town (Wing). 6. M. SCABRINODIS scHENCKi var. EMERYANA Forel. "Maine" (Emery) ; S. W. Harbor, Witch Hole Pond (Johnson, Proc- ter) ; Robinson Mt. (Procter); Orono (I. H. Blake); Ash Point, Old Town (Wing). 7. STENAMMA BREVICORNE (Mayr). Dikes Peak (A. E. Brower) ; Ash Point, Presque Isle (Wing). Forming small colonies under moss-covered bark of rotted stumps in coniferous growth near Presque Isle. 8. S. BREVICORNE DiECKi var. iMPRESSUM Emery. Orono (I. H. Blake). 9. APHAENOGASTER FULVA AQUIA var. PICEA Emery. South Harpswell, Sebascodegan Island (Wheeler) ; Old Town (Wing). One colony nesting in rotted stump in moist woods. 10. CREMATOGASTER LINEOLATA (Say). South Harpswell, Ragged Island (Wheeler) ; Robinson Mt., Cadillac Cliffs, Sal- isbury Cove (Johnson) ; Eden (Procter) ; Old Town (Wing). 11. C. LINEOLATA var. CERASi (Fitch). "Maine" (Emery). 12. LEPTOTHORAX CURVISPINOSUS Mayr. South Harpswell (Wheeler); Paris (Frost). 13. L. CURVISPINOSUS subsp. AMBIGUUS Emery. Mt. Desert (McAtee). 14. L. ACERVORUM subsp. CANADENSis Prov. Stover's Point, near South Harpswell, Ragged Island (Wheeler) ; S. W. Harbor (Johnson, Procter) ; Paris (Frost) ; Orono (Severin, Wing); Ash Point, Old Town, Presque Isle (Wing). 15. L. EMERSONI Wheeler. Stover's Point, near South Harpswell (Wheeler) ; Lamoine (Wing). 1, '39] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 163 Subfamily DOLICHODERINAE. 16. DOLICHODERUS TASCHENBERGi Mayr. Robinson Mt. (Procter). 17. D. TASCHENBERGI var. GAGATES Wheeler. South Harps- well, Sebascodegan Island (Wheeler). 18. D. PLAGIATUS Mayr. Section 26 (Procter) ; Ash Point, Old Town (Wing). One colony nesting under stone in blueberry field at Ash Point. 19. D. PLAGIATUS var. INORNATUS Wheeler. S. W. Harbor (Johnson); Break Neck Pond (Procter). 20. D. PLAGIATUS subsp. PUSTULATUS Mayr. South Harps- well, Sebascodegan Island (Wheeler). 21. TAPINOMA SESSILE (Say). Prince's Point, Lower Goose Island (Wheeler) ; S. W. Harbor (Johnson Procter) ; Station F173 (Procter) ; Ash Point, Ol'd Town, Orono, Presque Isle (Wing). Subfamily FORMICINAE. 22. BRACHYMYRMEX HEERI subsp. DEPILIS Emery. South Harpwell, Lower Goose Island, Prince's Point (Wheeler) ; Orono (I. M. Burgess, Wing) ; Old Town (Wing). 23. CAMPONOTUS HERCULEANUS (L.). Harpswell Neck, Lower Goose Island, Prince's Point, Sebascodegan Island (Wheeler). 24. C. HERCULEANUS var. WYMPERI Forel. South Harps- well (Wheeler) ; Bar Harbor, Narrows (Johnson, Procter) ; Section 15 (Procter); Reeds Island, Penobscot Bay (A. C. Burrill) ; Heald Pond, near Jackman (F. A. Jones) ; Orono (J. F. Whitney) ; Ash Point, Lamoine, Presque Isle (Wing). 25. C. HERCULEANUS ^llbsp. PENNSYLVANICUS (DegCCr). Bar Harbor (Johnson); Mt. Desert Region (Procter); Mt. Katahdin (Hamlin, I. H. Blake) ; Bethel (Mus. Comp. Zool, I. H. Blake); Orono, Presque Isle (Wing). 26. C. HERCULEANUS LIGNIPERDA var. NOVAEBORACENSIS (Fitch). Harpswell Neck, Lower Goose Island, Prince's Point, Sebascodegan Island, Ragged Island, Haskell Island (Wheeler) ; Mt. Desert Region (Johnson, Procter); West Beach (Mus. Comp. Zool.) ; Lincolnville (Heald); Orono (C. O. Dirks, I. H. Blake, W r ing) ; Ash Point, Old Town, Presque Isle (Wing). 27. C. HERCULEANUS LIGNIPERDA var. RUBENS Wheeler. Norway (S. J. Smith); Bethel (A. M. Edwards). 28. C. CARYAE (Fitch). Robinson Mt. (Procter); Orono (Wing). A single stray worker taken. 164 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [June, '39 29. LASIUS NIGER var. SITKAENSIS Pergande. Long Pond, Bar Harbor (Johnson, Procter); Corfield (Procter); Penob- scot Bay (A. C. Burrill) ; Presque Isle (Wing). Nesting at base of rotted stump in moist woods. 30. L. NIGER var. NEONIGER Emery. South Harpswell, Ram Island, Haskell Island. Ragged Island, Lower Goose Island, Sebascodegan Island (Wheeler) ; Matinicus Island (U. S. Biol. Surv.) ; Norway (S. J. Smith); Bethel (Mus. Comp. Zool.) ; Ash Point, Lamoine, Old Town, Orono, Presque Isle (Wing). 31. L. NIGER var. AMERICANUS Emery. Casco Bay Region (Wheeler); Mt. Desert (McAtee) ; Stations F150 and F173 (Procter) ; Bridgeport (Miss Edmonds) ; Oakland (D. S. Fink) ; Enfield (A. W. Berrie) ; Ash Point, Old Town Presque Isle (Wing). 32. L. BREVICORNIS Emery. Northern portions of Casco Bay, Haskell Island (Wheeler). 33. L. UMBRATUS MIXTUS var. APHIDICOLA (Walsh). "Maine" (Emery); S. W. Harbor, Green Mt. (Johnson, Procter); Pretty Marsh, Bubble Pond (Procter); Elms (Deane); Orono (I. H. Blake). 34. L. UMBRATUS subsp. MINUTUS Emery. "Maine" (Emery). 35. L. UMBRATUS subsp. suBUMBRATUs Viereck. Bar Harbor (Johnson) ; Mt. Desert (Procter) ; Penobscot Bay (A. C. Bur- rill) ; Ash Point (Wing). Three winged queens were captured on August 5, 1938 as they were dropping down from their nuptial flight in the late afternoon. 36. L. (ACANTHOMYOPS) INTERJECTUS Mayr. Corfield (Procter). 37. L. (A.) CLAVIGER Roger. Deer Brook, Station F218 (Procter). 38. L. (A.) CLAVIGER var. SUBGLABER Emery. Sebascodegan Island (Wheeler). 39. FORMICA NEOGAGATES Emery. South Harpswell. Prince's Point, Lower Goose Island. Sebascodegan Island (Wheeler) ; S. W. Harbor, Bar Harbor (Johnson, Procter) ; Oakland (D. S. Fink) ; Ash Point, Old Town, Orono (Wing). 40. F. NEOGAGATES LASioiDES var. VETULA Wheeler. Aroos- took No. 1, Ash Point, Old Town, Presque Isle (Wing). This form makes rather small colonies under stones in open dry fields. 41. F. PALLIDE-FULVA subsp. scHAUFUSSi Mayr. Ogunquit (Pratt). 1, '39] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 165 42. F. FUSCA L. South Harpswell, Lower Goose Island (Wheeler); Mt. Desert Region (Johnson, Procter); Mon- mouth (Frost) ; Presque Isle (Wing). 43. F. FUSCA var. SUBSERICEA Say. South Harpswell, Se- bascodegan Island, Lower Goose Island, Prince's Point (Wheeler); New Mill Pond, Jordan Pond, Seal Cove, (Procter). 44. F. FUSCA var. ARGENTEA Wheeler. South Harpswell, Sehascodegan Island, Lower Goose Island (Wheeler). 45. F. FUSCA var. SUBAENESCENS Emery. Lower Goose Island (Wheeler) ; Tremont (Procter) ; Norway (S. J. Smith) ; Bethel (Mus. Comp. Zool.) ; Orono (I. H. Blake) ; Aroostook No. 1, Ash Point, Old Town (Wing). 46. F. FUSCA var. ALGID A Wheeler. Kittery Point (R. Thaxter) ; Robinson Mt. (Procter). 47. F. FUSCA var. GLACIALIS Wheeler. South Harpswell, Casco Bay Region generally (Wheeler) ; Presque Isle (Wing). 48. F. TRUNCICOLA stibsp. OBSCURIVENTRIS Mayr. Doughty's Point on Sebascodegan Island (Wheeler) ; Mt. Desert (Procter). 49. F. TRUNCICOLA subsp. INTEGRA Nylander. Lower Goose Island, Prince's Point (Wheeler) ; Salisbury Cove (Johnson) ; Eden, Corfield, Bar Harbor (Procter); Monmouth (Frost). 50. F. EXSECTOIDES Forel. South Harpswell, Prince's Point (Wheeler); Ogunquit (Pratt); Pittston, Jefferson, Augusta, Vassalboro, China (H. B. Peirson) ; Old Town (H. B. Peirson, Wing). Numerous colonies of this species occur near Old Town. All colonies seen by the writer were rather small. 51. F. SANGUINEA subsp. ASERVA Forel. Harpswell Neck, Ash Point, Prince's Point, Lower Goose Island, Sebascodegan Island (Wheeler) ; Bar Harbor, S. W. Harbor, Green Mt. (Johnson, Procter) ; Section 26 (Procter) ; Oakland (D. S. Fink) ; Enfield (A. W. Berrie) ; Aroostook No. 1, Ash Point, Old Town, Presque Isle (Wing). 52. F. SANGUINEA subsp. RUBicuNDA Emery. Aroostook No. 1 (Wing). One populous colony under stone near woods. 53. F. SANGUINEA subsp. suBiNTEGRA Emery. Harpswell Neck, Ash Point, Prince's Point, Lower Goose Island, Se- bascodegan Island (Wheeler). 54. F. SANGUINEA subsp. SUBNUDA Emery. South Harps- well < Wheeler). 166 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [June, '39 Aphids of the Genus Kakimia Infesting Bibes (Homoptera 1 ). By G. F. KNOWLTON and M. W. ALLEN. 2 This report deals with seven species of the aphid genus Kakimia H. and F. 3 which attack currants and gooseberries, one species being here described as new. The following key serves to separate available material to species. Key to Species A. Cornicles at least 4 times hind tarsi in length. B. Sensoria present on antennal IV of alate muesebecki n. sp. BB. Sensoria absent on antennal IV of alate C. Rostral IV -f- V at least 0.17 mm. long ceri CC. Rostral IV-}- V less than 0.17 mm. long, ribe-utahensis A A. Cornicles less than 4 times hind tarsi in length. B. Unguis not exceeding 1.25 times antennal III. C. Sensoria rarely present on antennal IV of alate ribifoHi CC. Sensoria on antennal IV usually exceeding 2 in number houghtonensis BB. Unguis usually exceeding 1.25 times antennal III. C. Aptera without sensoria on antennals IV and V. cynosbati CC. Aptera possessing sensoria on antennals IV and V. tJiomasi KAKIMIA CERI G.-P. Gillette and Palmer, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 26: 354, 1933. Collections: Specimens from Colorado, taken on native red currant at Rocky Mountain National Park and Nederland, Aug- ust 23, 1935 (Knowlton) ; not yet taken in Utah. Taxonomy: K. ceri differs from K. muesebecki in lacking sensoria on antennal IV of alates. It differs from K. ribe-utah- ensis in lateral hairs of cauda being slender and pointed at tip. 1 Contribution from the Department of Entomology, Utah Agricultural Experiment Station, Logan. 2 Research associate professor of entomology and graduate research assistant, respectively. 3 The writers are indebted to M. A. Palmer, E. O. Essig, C. F. W. Muesebeck, H. B. Mills and L. G. Strom for the loan of berry aphid material. 1, '39] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 167 0. Teale, E. W. Grassroots Jungles; a book of insects. Dodd Mead & Co., N. Y., 231 pp., ill. Thomas, C. A. The animals associated with edible fungi. [6] 47: 11-37. Townsend, C. H. T. Speed of Cephenemyia. [6] 47: 43-46. ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY, ETC. Argo, V. N. The effect of temperature upon the oxygen requirements of certain adult insects and insect eggs. [7] 32: 147-163. Asana, J. J. A chromosomal survey of some Indian in- sects. I. Morphology of the chromosomes in eight species of the Locustidae. [Jour. Fac. Sci. Hokkaido Imp. Univ.] 6: 211-234, ill. Becker, W. B. Larval development of the native elm bark beetle, Hylurgopinus rufipes in Massachu- setts. [12] 32: 112-121. Bernard, F. Recherches sur la morphogenese des yeux composes d'Arthropodes. Develop- pement. Croissance, Reduction. [Suppl. Bull. Biol. France et Beligique] 23: 162 pp., ill. Bess, H. A. Investigations on the resistance of mealybugs (Homoptera) to parasiti- zation by internal Hymenopterous parasites, with special reference to phagocytosis. [7] 32: 189-226, ill. Braun, W. Contributions to the study of development of the wing- pattern in Lepidoptera. [Biol. Bull.] 76: 226-240, ill. Bus- calioni & Grandi. See under Hymenoptera. Chadwick, L. E. A simple stroboscopic method for the study of insect flight. [5] 46: 1-8. Chiu, Shin Foon & McCay. Nutritional studies on the confused flour beetle (Tribolium confusum) and the bean weevil (Acanthoscelides obtectus). [7] 32: 164-170. Clausen, C. P. The effect of host size upon the sex ratio of Hymenopterous parasites and its relation to methods of rearing and colonization. [6] 47: 1-9. DeBach & McOmie. New diseases of termites caused by bacteria. [7] 32: 137-146. Dethier, V. G. Further notes on can- nabilism among larvae. [5] 46: 29-35. Drilhon & Busnel. Sur la presence et la teneur flavine des tubes de Malpighi 1, '39] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 173 des insectes. [Comp. Rend Sea. L'Acad Sci., Paris] 208: 839-841. Evans, A. C. The utilization of food by the larvae of the Buff-tip, Phalera bucephala (Lep.) [107] A, 14: 25-30. Flanders, S. B. Environmental control of sex in Hymenopterous insects. [7] 32: 11-26, ill. Forbes, W. T. M. The muscles of the Lepidopterous male genitalia. [7] 32: 1-10, ill. Gunderson & Strand. Toxicity of Hy- drogen cyanide, chlorpicrin and ethylene oxide to eggs, nymphs and adults of the bedbug. '[12] 32: 106-110, ill. Hilton, W. A. Nervous system and sense organs. LXXVII: Odonata. [13] 31: 9-16, ill. Hodson, A. C.- Biologicul notes on the egg parasites of Malacosoma dis- stria. 1 7] 32: 131-136. Imms, A. D. On the antenna] musculature in insects and other arthropods. [Quart. Jour. Micro. Sci., London] 81: 273-320, ill. Khouvine & Gre- goire. Repartition du phosphore dans les larves, les pupes et les images de Calliphora erythrocephala. [Comptes Rendus Sea. Soc. Biol. Paris] 130: 1050-1051. Lecamp, M. Stir la regeneration des pieces buccales chez les Phasmes. [Comptes Rendus Hebdoni Sea. Acad. Sci. Paris] 208: 1052-1054. Lindsey, A. W. Variations of insect gen- italia. [7] 32: 173-176, ill. List, G. M. The effect of tem- perature upon egg deposition, egg hatch and nymphal de- velopment of Paratrioza cockerelli (Hotnopt. : Psyllid.) [12] 32: 30-36. Maki, T. Studies on the thoracic musculature of insects. [Mem. Fac. Sci. Agric. Taihoku Imp. Univ.] 24: 343 pp., ill. McNay, C. G. Studies on repellents for biting flies. [4] 71 : 38-44. Pradhan, S. Neuro-muscular study of the mouth-parts of Coccinella septempunctata, with a comparison of the mouth-parts in carnivorous and herbi- vorous coccinellids. [Rec. of the Indian Mus.] 40: 341-358, ill. Rawat, B. L. On the habits, metamorphosis and re- productive organs of Naucoris cimicoides (Hemipt.). [36] 88: 119-138, ill. Roeder, K. D. The action of certain drugs on the insect central nervous system. [Biol. Bull. 76: 183- 189. Skufyin, K. Changes in the wing veins of Drosophila melanogaster due to developmental depression. [Nauch. Raboty Molodyk Uchenyk Trudy] 1938: 227-236, ill. (Rus- sian with English summary). Walton & Fenton. Notes on Empusa grylli in Oklahoma. [12] 32: 155-156. Wieting & Hoskins. The olfactory responses of flies in a new type of insect olfactometer. II. Responses of the housefly to ammonia, carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol. [12] 32: 24-29, ill. Woodruff, L. C. An analysis of insect growth curves. 174 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [June, '39 [6] 47: 47-55, ili. Yeager, J. F. Apparent nuclear-cyto- plasmic transfer in some insect blood cells. [7] 32: 49-57, ill. Significance of the presystolic notch in the mechano- cardiogram of Periplaneta americana. [7] 32: 44-48, ill. ARACHNIDA AND MYRIOPODA. Brues, C. T- Additional records of Onvchophora from the island of Haiti. | 5] 46: 36-37, ill. Lowrie, D. C. Geolycosa. The Wolf of the Dunes. [The Chicago Nat.] 2: 1-8, ill. Michelbacher, A. E. Seasonal variation in the distribution of two species of Symphyla found in California. [12] 32: 53-57, ill. Mor- eno, A. Contribucion al estudio de los escorpionidos Cu- banos. Superfam. Buthoidea. [Mem. Soc. Cubana Hist. Nat.] 13: 63-75, ill. (k*). THE SMALLER ORDERS OF INSECTS. Arle, R.- Collemboles nouveaux de Rio de Janeiro. [Ann. Acad. Bra- sileira Sci.] 11: 25-32, ill. (*). Bailey, S. F. The six- spotted thrips, Scolothrips sexmaculatus. ][12] 32: 43-46, ill. Blanton, F. S. Notes on some thrips collected in the vicinity of Babylon, Long Island, N. Y. [6] 47: 83-94. Coleman, C. Preliminary report on the Poduridae of southern California. [13] 31: 3. Cory, E. N. The termite, an object lesson. [4] 71 : 36-38. Crawford, J. C. Thysan- optera from northern New Jersey, with descriptions of n. spp. [6] 47: 69-81. Henriksen, K. L. Siphonaptera. [Zool. Iceland] 3:7. Kennedy, C. H. Protallagma runtuni n. sp. of dragonfly from Ecuador with notes on the genus. (Odo- nata: Coenagriidae). [7] 32: 177-187, ill. Archaepodagrion bicorne, a very primitive dragonfly from eastern Ecuador (Odonata: Megapodagrioninae). [7] 32: 32-43, ill. Mc- Dunnough, J. New British Columbian Ephemeroptera. [4] 71 : 49-54, ill. Milne, M. J. Immature North American Trichoptera. [5] 46: 9-19, (k). Ross, H. H. N. spp, of Trichoptera from the Appalachian region. [10] 41: 65-72, ill. Thompson, G. B. Mallophaga. [Res. Voyage de la Belgica en 1897-99] 1938: 6 pp., ill. (s). Wolcott, G. N.- Comejen y Polilla. [Est. Exp. Agric. Univ. Puerto Rico] Bol. 48: 26 pp., ill. ORTHOPTERA. Eichler, W. Lebensraum und Leb- ensgeschichte der Dahlemer Palmenhausheuschrecke Phlu- giola dahlemica (Tettigoniid.). [11] 1938: 497-570, ill. Gunther, K. Neue und wenig bekannte Phasmoiden aus clem Indian Museum, Calcutta. [Rec. of the Indian Mus.] 40: 123-141. ill. (s*). LeFeuvre, W. P.- -A Phasmid with 1, '39] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 175 spermatophore. [107] A, 14:24. Miller, N. C. E Oviposi- tion by Heteropteryx dilatatus (Phasm.). [107] A, 14:48. Poulton, E. See under General. Tillyard, R. J. Kansas Permian insects. Part 21. The cockroaches, or order Blat- taria. [Amer. Jour. Sci.] 34: 249-276, ill. (k). Uvarov, B. P. Notes on a desert grasshopper with digging habits, Eremogryllus hammadae (Acrid.). [107] A, 14: 19-23, ill. Walton & Fenton. See under Anatomy. HEMIPTERA. Allen & Knowlton. Aphis species in- festing Ribes. [7] 32: 125-130, ill. (k*). Anon. Osserva- zioni Tassonomiche, corologiche ed ecologiche sugli Afidi. [Boll. Inst. Ent. Bologna] 10: 316-346, ill. Balduf, W. V. Food habits of Phymata pennsylvanica americana. [4] 71 : 66-74. Cassidy & Barber. Hemipterous insects of cotton in Arizona: their economic importance and control. [12] 32: 99-104, ill. Davidson & DeLong. Studies of the gen. Empoasca (Cicadell.), Pt. 6. Twenty-two n. spp. of Empoasca from North America. [43] 39: 110-118. Drake & Harris. Veliidae y Gerridae Sudamericans. [Notas del Museo, Buenos Aires] 3: 199-204, ill. (s*). Palmer, M. A. Observations on vagabond gall aphids in cottonwood. [Jour. Colo. Wyom. Acad. Sci.] 2:37. Plank, H. K.- Oeregrinator biannulipes [Reduviidae] a predator of the Bamboo Powder-Post Beetle in Porto Rico [Bostrychidae] [12] 32: 151. Rawat, B. L. See under Anatomy. Romney, V. E. Breeding areas of the tomato psyllid, Paratrioza cockerelli. [12] 32:150. Uvarov, B. P. An American Mem- bracid in Jugoslavia. [107] A, 14:48. LEPIDOPTERA. Bird, H. A Papaipema from Ari- zona. [4] 71: 74-76, ill. (*). Braun, W. See under Anat- omy. Clarke, J. F. G. A new Geometrid genus from North America, with a discussion of its type. [10] 41: 73-75, ill. Comstock & Dammers. Studies in the metamorphoses of six California moths. [Bull. So. Calif. Acad. Sci.] 37: 105- 128, ill. Corfe, C. E. Celerio lineata in Ontario. [Can. Field Nat.] 53:58. Freeman, T. N. Notes on Sympistis kolthoffi and S. zetterstedti laboradoris from Churchill, Manitoba. [4] 71 : 77-78. Gerasimov, A. M. Die Chaeto- taxie des analsegments der Raupen. [64] 24: 36-39, ill., cont. Heinrich, C. The cactus-feeding Phycitinae; a con- tribution toward a revision of the American Pyralidoid moths of the family Phycitidae. [50] 86: 331-413, ill., (k*). Hemming, F. On five genera in the Lepidoptera Rhopalo- 176 KXTOMOLOGtCAL NEWS [June, '39 cera at present without valid names. [107J B, 8:39, (*). Klima, A. Lepidopterorum Catalogus. Pars. 89. Pyralidi- dae: Subfam. Pyraustinae I. 224 pp. Lindsey, A. W. A n. spp. of Hesperia. [7] 32: 171-172. Meiners, E. P. The life history of Euchloe olympia, with some notes on its habits. [Proc. Missouri Acad. Sci.] 4: 154-156. Naumann, F. Tabellarisches Verzeichnis der europaischen Lepidop- teren mit reduziertem oder schwach ausgebildtem Russel und deren Flugzeit. [63] 1938: 112-121. Schaus, W.- New neotropical lepidoptera of the family Notodontidae [Ann. Carnegie Mus.] 27: 321-348, ill. ("*). Shepard, H. H. Lepidopterorum Catalogus. Pars 90. Hesperiidae: Sub- fam. Hesperiinae II. 127-206. Stichel, H. Lepidopterorum Catalogus. Pars 91. Nymphalidae II. Subfam. Charaxidinae I. 375-542. Swain, R. B. Notes on the biology of the Great Basin Tent Caterpillar, Malacosoma fragilis, (Lasiocamp.). [4] 71 : 76-77. Wheeler, L. R. Deaths among butterflies. [Pro. Linn. Soc. London] 1938-9: 79-88. DIPTERA. Adams, C. F. A preliminary list of flower- flies (Syrphid.) from Missouri. [Proc. Missouri Acad. Sci.] 4: 153-154. Alexander, C. P. Studies on the craneflies of Mexico, Pt. VI. [7] 32: 70-90, (*). Bartlett, K. A. See under Coleoptera. Felt, E. P. A new gall midge on Rho- dodendron. [6] 47: 41-42. Hardy & Knowlton. New and little known western Pipunculidae. [7] 32: 113-124, ill. Harmston & Knowlton. A new Dolichopus from Iowa. [10] 41 : 87-88, ill. James, M. T. The robber flies of Colo- rado. [Jour. Colo. Wyom. Acad. Sci.] 2:39. Pinto, C. O Phlebotomus fischeri, 1926 nao e absolutamente sinonimo do Phlebotomus longipalpis e neiva, 1912. [Ann. Acad. Brasileira Sci. 11: 59-66. (*). Priddy, R. B. Preliminary report on the Bombyliiclae of southern California. [13] 31: 1-2. Reinhard, H. J. A review of the Muscoid gen. Euma- cronychia with key and descriptions of n. ssp. [6] 47: 57-68. Rozeboom, L. E. The larva of Psorophora (Janthinosoma) horrida (Culicidae). [Jour. Parasit] 25: 145-147, ill. Scott, H. A new species of Nycteribiidae from islands in the Gulf of California. [Allan Hancock Pacific Exped.] 2: 167- 170, ill. (*). Skufyin, K. See under Anatomy. .Stalker & Spencer. Four n. spp. of Drosophila with notes on the Funebris Group. [7] 32: 105-112, ill. Steyskal, G. A n. sp. of Dictya (Sciomyz.). [4] 71: 78, ill. Townsend, C. H. T. Note on Paratheresia introduction in Louisiana. [6] 47:38. See under General. Tulloch, G. S. Ecological 1/39] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 177 notes on mosquitoes associated with Bromeliacls. [Jour. Agric. Univ. P. R.] 22: 499-501. Tuomikoski, R. See under Special. COLEOPTERA. Balfour-Browne, J. On Copelatus and Leiopterus (Dytisc.) with descriptions of n. spp. [3u| 88: 57-88, ill. Bartlett, K. A. The dung- rolling beetle [Canthon pilulariusj as a host of a Sarcophid parasite [Car- cophaga alcedoj. [12J 32:150. Benick, L. Die Steninen Mittelamerikas (Staph.) [Mitt. Munchner Ent. Gesell.J 29: 12-42, ill. (*). Blaisdell, F. E. Studies in the relationships of the subfamilies and tribes of the Tenebrionidae based on the primary genital characters also descriptions of new species. [1] 65: 43-60, ill. Brown, W. J. Some American spp. of Ludius (Elateridae). [4] 71: 44-49, ill., (*). Bruch, C. Miscelaneas Entomologicas. | Xotas del Museo de La Plata] 3: 155-173, ill. (s*). Buchanan, L. L. Changes of names in Carabidae and Rhynchopophora. [10] 41: 79-82. Cazier, M. A. Two new California Acmaeodera. (Bupres- tid.). [Bull. So. Calif. Acad. Sci.] 37: 137-140. (*), Dar- lington, P. J. West Indian Carabidae. New forms from the Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico. [Mem. Soc. Cubana Hist. Nat.] 13: 79-101. Dodge, H. R. The bark beetles of Minnesota (Scolytid.). [Univ. Minn. Agric. Exp. Sta.] Tech. Bull. 132: 60 pp. (k) Knull, J. N. Four new Ari- zona Coleoptera (Cleridae, Corynetidae & Buprestidae). [7] 32: 27-31, ill. Plank, H. K. See under Hemiptera. Roberts, A. W. R. On the taxonomy of Erotylidae with special reference to the morphological characters of the larvae. [36] 88: 89-118, ill., (k). Ruffo, S. Studi sui Cri- somelidi. [Boll. 1st. Ent. Bologna] 10: 178-222, ill. Saylor, L. W. Two new California Phyllophaga (Scarab.) [10| 41: 88-91, ill. (k). Schedl, K. E. Some new neotropical spp. of Scolytidae in the collection of the British Museum. [107] B, 8: 12-16, ill. Smith, F. K. Amphizoidae and Hali- plidae of Colorado. [Jour. Colo. Wyom. Acad. Sci.] 2: 37-38. Straneo, S. L. On the genus Abaris (Carab.). [5] 46: 38-41, ill., (Sk*). HYMENOPTERA. Bartlett, K. A. A Dryinid para- site attacking Baldulus maidis in Puerto Rico. [Jour. Agric. Univ. P. R.J 22: 497-498. Bequaert, J. Odynerus annec- tens and related spp. with additional notes on Odynerus hildago. [7] 32: 58-69, ill. (k*). Buscalioni & Grandi.- II Ficus carcia la sua biologia, la sua coltivazione e i suoi 178 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [JuilC, '39 rapporti con 1'insetto pronubo (Blastophaga psenes). [Boll. 1st. Ent. Bologna] 10: 223-279, ill. Grandi, G. Nuovi Agaonidi (Chalcid.) raccolti nel Brasile dal Prof. F. Sil- vestri. [Bull. 1st. Ent. Bologna] 10: 44-69, ill. (s). Kinsey, A. C. The origin of higher categories in Cynips. [Indi- ana Univ. Publ.] Sci. Series No. 4 (1936) 334 pp., ill. (k*). Knowlton & Harmston. Utah Hymenoptera. [Utah Agric. Exp. Sta.] Mimeog. Ser. 200: 8 pp. Muesebeck, C. F. W. Five n. spp. of Meteorus (Bracon.). [10] 41 : 83-87. Pierce, W. D. The black widow spider and its parasites. [Bull. So. Calif. Acad. Sci.] 37: 101-104, ill. (*). Smith, M. R. A n. sp. of North American Ponera, with an ergatandrous form (Formicid.). [10] 41: 76-78, ill. Weber, N. A. Ants of rare genera and a n. gen. of Ponerine ants. [7] 32: 91- 104, ill. (s*). SPECIAL NOTICES. Beobachtungen uber das schwarmen und die kopulation einiger Empididen. By R. Tuomikoski. [Ann. Ent. Fennici] 5: 1-30, ill. SPECIAL NOTICES. The British Mosquitoes. By J. F. Marshall. London. 1938. 341 pp., ill. Entomologische Mededeelingen van Nederlandsch-Indie. A comparatively recent new journal published by the Entomological Society of the Netherland Indies, Buitenzorg, Java, under editor- ship of Dr. J. van der Vecht. Published to date: Deel I, 1935: deel 4, no. 4 Dec. 1938. Zur Kenntnis der Dryinidae (Sphecoid.) Haupt, H. [Zeit. Naturwissensch.] 92: 13-35, ill. Die Legewerkzeuge der Blattwespen (Tenthredino- idea). Zirngiebl, L. [Beit. Naturk. Forsch. Sudwestdeutsch- land] 3: 39-65, ill. Pieris bryoniae O. und Pieris napi L. By Muller & Kautz. 191 pp., ill. Wien 1938. A CONTRIBUTION TO THE BIOLOGY OF NORTH AMERICAN VESPINE WASPS. By CARL D. DUNCAN. Stanford University Publications, Biological Sciences, vol. VIII, No. 1, 1939. 272 pp., 54 plates. This elaborate and valuable monograph of the western yellow jacket, Vespula pcnsylvanica, with occasional references to other species, covers three main topics. Two of these are studied in the first section (pp. 13-84), which is a detailed and profusely illustrated account of external morph- ology, combined with a description of the musculature and its 1, '39] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 179 mechanism. The homologies appear to have been worked out with the utmost care. This section should provide the tax- onomist with the correct terminology of sclerites, sutures and areas, not only for the Vespidae but also for most other Acu- leata. A brief chapter (pp. 85-97) is devoted to subfamily and generic characters. The bulk of the book (pp. 98-176) is a fascinating account of the biology of V . pensylvanica, with fre- quent glimpses of other species. Among other topics, it dis- cusses hibernation, food and feeding behavior, building activ- ities, life-history and metamorphosis. There is a good de- scription of larva and pupa (pp. 162-166). Instincts and other psychological aspects of wasp behavior are not touched upon. As shown by the "Literature Cited" (pp. 177-184), American writings have been fully considered, European pub- lications (particularly of recent years) very little. As a com- prehensive account of one species of social wasp, the book ranks quite high and, it is hoped, will set a standard for other students. Two observations seem to record novel features, at any rate to the reviewer. On two occasions colonies were ob- served which survived the mild winter of California, being active for part of a second season. One of these was of V . vulgaris, the other of V. pensylvanica. (pp. 140-141 and 159). Some evidence is also given (p. 170) that V. maculifrons might occasionally overwinter as a colony in Florida. The author observed rather frequently that the face of older, unused combs of the nest may be papered over (p. 149). The biological dif- ferences pointed out between Dolichovespula and Vcspula (pp. 94 and 96) are essentially the same as those found in Europe by Weyrauch, although both observers reached their conclu- sions quite independently. J. BEQUAERT. Doings of Societies THE PUGET SOUND ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Entomological workers in western Washington gathered at the University of Washington, Seattle, on Friday, March 10, 1939, and organized The Puget Sound Entomological Society. The objectives of the society are to promote the study of insects, arachnids, and terrestrial arthropods in western Wash- ington, and to promote the mutual welfare of the members through the exchange of ideas at meetings and field trips. Membership is open to persons of good character who are 180 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [J une > '39 engaged in entomological activities. The society will hold two regular meetings annually, in February and October, the precise time and place to be determined by the Executive Committee which is composed of three elective officers. The present officers are : Professor Trevor Kincaid, University of Wash- ington, president; Mr. S. E. Crumb, Entomologist, Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, vice-president, and Dr. E. P. Breakey, Entomologist, Western Washington Experiment Station, secretary-treasurer. Special meetings may be called by the Executive Committee at such time and place as it may determine. The organization of the Puget Sound Entomological Society was the result of a movement initiated in the fall of 1938 by Dr. Breakey. Thirty-two persons with entomological interests, both professional and hobby, gathered in Puyallup on Novem- ber 18, 1938. Many spent the afternoon visiting the Western Washington Experiment Station, and the U. S. Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine Field Stations in Puyallup and Sumner. In the evening the group gathered for dinner, after which a discussion was held on the desirability of form- ing a permanent organization. Dr. Breakey was elected pro- visional chairman and Mr. Charles F. Doucette, Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, Sumner, provisional sec- retary. The chairman appointed a committee on organization: Prof. Melville H. Hatch, University of Washington, chairman, to present a constitution and by-laws for discussion and approval at the next meeting. A nominating committee, Mr. W. W. Baker, Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, chairman, was also appointed. The October meeting is to be held in Puyallup. E. P. BREAKEY, Secretary-Treasurer. Leptothorax manni Wesson synonymous with L. pergandei Emery (Hymenoptera : Formicidae). In 1935 (Ent. News vol. 46 pp. 208-210) I described Lepto- thorax (Dichothorax) manni (name preoccupied by L. manni Wheeler) from Tennessee and distinguished it from L. (D) pergandei Emery to which it was closely allied. Since publica- tion, I have had opportunity to examine much more material in this group, and conclude therefrom that L. manni Wesson is synonymous with /-. pcrgaudci Emery. I.. (}. WESSON, Jr. EXCHANGES This column is intended only for wants and exchanges, not for advertisements of goods for sale or services rendered. Notices not exceeding three lines free to subscribers. These notices are continued as long as our limited space will allow; the new ones are added at the end of the column, and, only when necessary those at the top ( being longest in) are discontinued. Geometers Wanted from all parts of United States and Canada, for cash or in exchange for butterflies. Noctuids or other Geometers. Edwin I. Guedet, P. O. Box 305, Napa, California. Mr. Robert "Colegio cle la Salle, Vedado, Habana. Cuba," offers Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Land and Sea Shells, Bird Skins, Botanical Specimens, Cuban Cactus and cleaned "Diatom" Material. Wanted for cash or exchange any pamphlets dealing with the American Hesperiidae. K. J. Hayward, Entomologist, Concordia Experiment Station, E. R. Argentine. Wanted Megathymus streckeri from S. W. Colo, or New Mex. Also from Texas. Also M. yitccae from Colo. Offer in exch. Meg. Icussleri Holl. (Nebr. race streckeri}. R. A. Leussler, 115 S. 52nd St.. Omaha, Nebr. Wanted Cantharidae of the United States, esp. those of the genus Cantharis. Will exchange named beetles of Oregon. K. M. Fender, 930 S. Davis St., McMinnville, Oregon. Desired Ichneumonidae. Especially Tryphoninae of the world for revisionary work. Will exchange or purchase acceptable ma- terial. Andrew R. Park, Jr., c/o State Dept. of Public Health, 1800 Fillmore Street, Chicago, Illinois. Lucanidae of the world. Will determine, exchange or purchase. Desire especially neotropical material for revisional work. Bernard Benesh, Box 159, North Chicago, 111. 60 Cocoons, carefully fed, of Samia nokomis for Comstock's Cali- fornia Butterflies and 40 for Holland's Butterflies, Vol. 2. Both either new or second, or will exchange nokomis cocoons for de- sirable butterflies, Papilio, Argynnis or Megathymus. Jack Dennis. Beulah, Manitoba, Canada. Desired Dolichopodidae of western United States and Canada. Will determine for privilege of retaining duplicates. F. C. Harmston, Ento- mology Dept., Utah Agric. College, Logan, Utah. Wanted. Chrysididae and Cleptidae of the world for cash or for exchange and determination, especially Nearctic and Neotropical material, for revisional purposes. W. G. Bodenstein, Dept. of Ento- mology, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. Mites from northern Manitoba. I have over 1600 specimens of free-living mites which I would like to have identified. Duplicates may be retained. H. F. McClurc, Lewis, Town. CATALOGUE OF COLEOPTERA OF AMERICA, NORTH OF MEXICO THE FOURTH SUPPLEMENT Covering the years 1933-1938 inclusive with about 128 pages and containing a General Index of Families and Genera for the entire work Original Catalogue and ALL Supplements has been carefully prepared by, DR. R. E. BLACKWELDER of the American Museum of Natural History and will be published by Mr. Sherman in November, 1 939 PRICE, if ordered and PAID FOR before September 1st, 1939. FIVE DOLLARS, POSTFREE. AFTER September 1st, 1939, SIX DOLLARS JOHN D. SHERMAN, Jr. 132 PRIMROSE AVENUE MOUNT VERNON, NEW YORK THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST A quarterly journal of general entomology published by the Pacific Coast Entomological Society. It features insect problems of the Pacific area but is in no way confined to that region. The systematic and biological phases of entomology are stressed including articles on insect taxonomy morphology, life history, and distribution. 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Fine Assam butterflies in papers (many Papilios) $6 00 per 100. Fine Morphos, bred Urania riphaeus at cheap rates per dozen or 100. British Lepidoptera, named: 500 species 2 cents each, 1000 do. 3 cents each, 1500 5 cents each. British Coleoptera, same rates. 42 Irving Road A. FORD Bournemouth, England 251 SEE SECOND PAGE OF COVER FOR NEW ADDRESS OF EDITOR ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS > JULY, 1939 Vol. L No. 7 CONTENTS Phillips A Male lo (Automeris io) with Two Hind Wings on the Leit Side (Lepid.: Saturniidae) . . 181 Fox A Questionable Practice in the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine 185 Voris Immature Staphylinids of the Genus Quedius (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) 188 Rysgaard A Preliminary Study of the Superfamily Papilionoidea in the Northern Portion of Pine County, Minnesota. (Lepidoptera). 191 The Biological Photographic Association 196 Sabrosky The Nomenclature of Categories Lower than Species . . . 197 Current Entomological Literature 203 PHILADELPHIA, PA. THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES, 1900 Race Street Entered at the Philadelphia, Pa., Post Office as Second Class Matter. Acceptance for mailing at the special rate of postage prescribed for in Section 1. Act of October 3, 1917, authorized January 15, 1921. ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS published monthly, excepting August and September, by The American Entomological Society. Philip P. Calvert, Ph.D., Editor; E. T. Cresson, Jr., R. G. Schmieder, Ph.D., V. S. L. Pate, Associate Editors. Advisory Committee: Philip Laurent, J. A. G. Rehn, Chas. Liebeck, J. Chester Bradley, Ph.D., Frank Morton Jones, Sc.D., John C. Lutz, Max Kisliuk, Jr., Wm. W. Chapman. The subscription price per year of ten (10) numbers is as follows: United States and possessions, Central and South America $3.00, Canada $3.15, Foreign $3.25, Single copies 35 cents. ADVERTISING RATES: Full width of page. Payments in advance. 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Communications on observations made in the course of your studies are solicited; also exhibits of any specimens you consider of interest. The printer of the "News" will furnish reprints of articles, without covers, over and above the twenty-five given free at the following rates: One or two pages, twenty-fire copies. 35 cents: three or four pages, twenty-five copies, 70 cents; five to eight page*, twenty five copies, $1.40; nine to twelve pages, twenty-five copies, $2.00: each half-tone plate, twenty five copies. 30 cents; each plate of line cuts, twenty-five copies, 25 cents; greater numbers of copies will be at the corresponding multiples of these rate*. Printed overt for SO copies. $4.00 << more, accorctine to number of pages bound. Stamps will not be accepted in payment for Repruiti ENT. NEWS, VOL. L Plate II. Sc Sc ABNORMAL IO MOTH, AUTOMERIS IO -PHILLIPS. ^NTOMQLQGICAL NEWS VOL. L. JULY, 1939 No. 7 A Male lo Moth (Automeris io) with Two Hind Wings on the Left Side (Lepid. : Saturniidae). By ROBERT G. PHILLIPS, Norwood, Pennsylvania. (Plate II.) This abnormal male Io Moth was collected at Dalmatia, Northumberland County, Pennsylvania, on July 13, 1937, be- tween 9 :00 and 9 :45 p. m. It was attracted to the lights of the gasoline station operated by H. K. Agnew and R. E. Cleaver, and was captured by one of these men. Previously, I had left a cyanide killing jar and an insect net with them so that insects which were attracted to these lights might be captured. Two other male Io Moths and a Big Poplar Sphinx Moth (Pacliy- sphin.v modcsta) were captured this same evening. I did not observe the abnormal moth until the next morning while mount- ing these and other insects. It is most unfortunate that the abnormality was not seen before the insect was killed so that its flight might have been observed. The hind wing shown in figure 2 was drawn from a normal specimen especially prepared to show wing veins, in the Ento- mological Laboratory of the University of Pennsylvania. There was some question about the presence of the third anal vein (3d A) and the closed cell on this specimen, to which Forbes (1923) refers. Further, there seemed to be a possibility that a rudimentary costa might be present. Consequently, the hind wings of three other normal male Io Moths were studied. These wings were prepared as follows : (a) the wings from one were removed and placed in cedar oil on microscope slides ; (b) the wings from another moth were heated for a brief period in a ten per cent solution of potassium hydroxide, washed, spread until dry, descaled with a camel's hair brush, and then placed in cedar oil as in (a) ; and (c) the third pair of wings were descaled as much as possible with a camel's hair 181 182 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [July, '39 brush and then placed in cedar oil as in (a). The wings pre- pared according to method (c) were superior to any used for the study of venation. Study of these wings verified the presence of a rudimentary third anal vein and a rudimentary costa. This costal (?) vein did not seem to be the humerus which is present in, some Lepidoptera. The cell was not closed as Forbes (1923) states. There is present, however, a fairly long piece of the lower discocellular projecting anteriorly from M 3 and a shorter piece of the discocellular projecting posteri- orly from Mo, but they do not meet. When the wings which were prepared according to method (c) were lifted out of the celar oil, or moved so that no oil covered them, a faint line became visible in the chitin between the radius and the ctibitus. This line corresponds to the media in position, although it appears as a slight ridge and is not a vein. The location of this ridge is indicated by the dotted line in figure 2. Figure 3 illustrates the venation of the anterior hind wing from the left side of the abnormal moth. Neither of the abnormal wings was removed and as a result not all the veins could be seen. The dotted lines indicate the probable locations of veins, or parts of veins, the presence of which could not be determined because something (many scales, etc.) may have obscured them. The third anal vein and the discocellular pro- jection from M>2 could not be seen in this wing, which other- wise seemed to have venation corresponding to the normal wing. The wing is a little smaller than a normal wing and differs somewhat in shape as the figures show. A small pro- jection which appears to be chitinous extends outward on the outer margin from between the subcosta and the radial sector. This peculiar structure is .4 mm. long. In figure 4 the venation of the posterior hind wing can be observed. The venation corresponds to that of the anterior hind wing except that only a small part of the second anal vein could be seen. The anal edge of this wing is slightly folded and that makes it very difficult to see Jie second anal vein. Since no part of it could be seen at the distal end there is no 1, '39] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 183 dotted line to indicate its probable existence. This wing is somewhat smaller than the anterior abnormal wing but cor- responds more closely to the normal wing in shape. The costal margin of this wing fits under the anal margin of the wing anterior to it. The relationship between the abnormal wings seems to be similar to the relationship which exists between a normal hind wing and a normal fore wing, the wings being entirely separate. The two abnormal wings vary somewhat from the normal in both shape and size. In color and venation they seem to be almost duplicates of each other and to resemble the normal wing very closely. The third anal vein and the costal vein could not be seen on the abnormal wings but it is easily pos- sible that scales and hairs obscured them completely. The lower discocellular projections were probably hidden in the same manner since only one piece, the anterior projection from Ma on the anterior hind wing, could be seen. The complete condition of the veins in these two abnormal hind wings differs, in this case, from those described by Hering (1926) : "Fin Ubergang zu den monstra per defectum bilden die Falle, in denen das Auftreten eines iiberzahligen Flugels beobachtet wurde. So ist berichtet worden von einer Macro- thylacia rubi L. mit einem iiberzahligen Hinterfliigel ; eine Lasiocampa qncrcus L. soil auf der linken Seite zwei Vor- derfliigel besessen haben. In Wirklichkeit erfolgt hier nicht die Xeubildung eines iiberzahligen Flugels ; untersucht man die geschilderten Falle genauer, so kann man fests.ellcn dass sich der sogenannte fiinfte Fliigel auf Kos.en eines andern ent- wickelt hat ; in Wirklichkeit ist namlich kein neuer Fliigel aus- gebildet worden, sondern einer der normalen hat sich geteilt (natiirlich in einem sehr friihen Stadium, wahrscheinlich schon in der Imaginalscheibe), so dass aus einem Fliigel zwei geworden sind, die aber nur zusammen das Geiicler etwa eines Flugels besilzen." (p. 435, lines 13-25). The wing veins were identified according to Forbes (1923) who shows a figure (415) of the venation of a male Autonicris io. Comstock (1918) illustrates the venation of Cilhcroniu 184 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [l u \y, '39 rc galls which corresponds closely to that of Automcrls io. These two authorities agree on all veins of the hind wing of Cithe- ronia regalls except that Comstock labels the most anterior vein as Sc -f RI (subcosta + first branch of the radius), and Forbes recognizes it as Sc (subcosta). It follows, therefore, that if the wing drawings were labeled according to Comstock the most anterior vein would be labeled Sc -f RI instead of Sc. The photograph of the moth (Fig. 1) shows that the ab- normal wings are not as well covered with scales as is the normal hind wing. It is possible that some of these scales may have been rubbed off. Two dark spots can be seen pos- terior to the eyespot on the anterior abnormal wing. These spots are visible on both upper and lower surfaces because of the dearth of scales, and seem to be due to foreign matter which adheres to the ventral surface of the wing. The wing spread of this abnormal specimen is 61 mm., and the wing spread of the normal moth which was used for figure 2 is 58 mm. This article was written at the suggestion and under the supervision of Dr. Philip P. Calvert, Professor of Zoology, at the University of Pennsylvania. LITERATURE EXAMINED. COMSTOCK, J. H. 1918. The Wings of Insects. The Com- stock Publishing Co., pp. 64 and 319-346. FORBES, W. T. M. 1923. The Lepidoptera of New York and Neighboring States. Published by Cornell University, pp. 25, 659-664 and 670. HERING, MARTIN. 1926. Biologic Der Schmetterlinge. Ver- lag Von Julius Springer, pp. 434-436. HENKE, K. und PREISS, J. 1930. Uber Naturfunde von Melir- fachbildungen an Schmetterlingsflugeln. Roux Archiv f. Entwicklungsmechanik d. Organismen, 122 (1): 105-116, figs. EXPLANATION OF PLATE II. Figure 1. Photograph of abnormal Automcris io, male. Dal- matia, Northumberland County. Pennsylvania; July 13, 1937; by Mr. Herman A. Walters. Figure 2. Venation of a normal hind wing of A. Io, $ . (maximum length --23 millimeters; maximum width --17 millimeters.) 1, '39] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 185 Figure 3. Venation of the anterior hind wing of the abnor- mal A. io, $ . (maximum length 22.5 mm. ; maximum width -12.5 mm.) Figure 4. Venation of the posterior hind wing of the ab- normal A. io, $. (maximum length --17 mm.; maximum width - - 1 1 mm. ) C, costa; Sc. subcosta; Rs, radial sector; MI, Mo, M :i , branches of media ; Cui, Cu 2 , branches of cubitus ; 2dA, second anal vein; 3dA, third anal vein. A Questionable Practice in the Bureau of Entomo- logy and Plant Quarantine. By HENRY Fox, Department of Biology, University College, New York University. It is apparently not a matter of general knowledge that an editorial policy exists in, at least, one of the professedly scienti- fic bureaus of the Government which, as applied in the instance here under review, would appear to have highly questionable ethical implications. In 1935, in response to a request from C. H. Hadley for information desired for an article then being written, I prepared a brief outline of the results to date of a personal study of the conditions likely to influence the distribu- tion of the Japanese beetle on this continent. This paper, which was written after the termination of my employment in the Bureau, was furnished Mr. Hadley upon the strength of an agreement on his part to accord full recognition to the source. The published article by Mr. Hadley entitled "Progress of Japanese Beetle Investigations" appeared last year (1938) in the June number of the Journal of the New York Entomologi- cal Society. An entire paragraph in this article devoted to the question of the ultimate distribution of the beetle is a virtually verbatim transcript of the paper referred to above as furnished Mr. Hadley upon his agreement to accord recognition to the source. In his article as published this recognition is withheld. Shortly after his attention was called to this evident violation of his agreement, I received a note from Mr. Hadley in which 186 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [July, '39 he disclaimed personal responsibility for the omission, charging that it lay with the Editorial Office of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine. He claimed that the original draft of his article contained a footnote in which an unpublished "manu- script" of mine was cited as the source and that this had been deleted by the Editorial Office against his protest. Inquiry addressed to the Editorial Office elicited from the Chiefs of the Bureau, Lee A. Strong and S. A. Rohwer, in- formation which substantiated the charge made by Mr. Hadley. As justification for the deletion from the latter's article of reference to my contribution, Mr. Strong merely stated that it is the general practice of the Editorial Office of the Bureau to delete references to unpublished reports, giving as a reason the fact that such reports would not be available to the readers of the article. Later, in reply to a letter in which I called his attention to a retention of references to unpublished reports in another article 1 , Mr. Rohwer stated that this rule applied only to reports upon officially assigned projects. By way of comment upon the assumption made by the heads of the Bureau that the paper utilized by Mr. Hadley was a "report" upon an officially assigned subject, I need first to em- phasize the fact that the so-called report was written when I was not employed in the Bureau and when, in consequence, I was under no obligation to submit a report upon a study which officially came to an end with the terminatiin of my employment. It was prepared, as previously stated, in direct response to a request from Mr. Hadley, was never intended to be a report, or as more than a purely personal contribution to his article. Hence, the assumption that it was an official report, as implied by the Bureau officials, is without justification in fact. As an additional reason for challenging the right assumed by the Bureau to disregard the obligation of an author to ac- knowledge the source of his material, I may state that, even during the period of my employment in the Bureau, my study of the conditions likely to influence the ultimate distribution of 1 Hawley, I. M. and G. F. White. Preliminary Studies on the Diseases of Larvae of the Japanese Beetle. Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc. 43: 405-412. 1935. 1, '39] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS the Japanese beetle was conducted for the most part unofficially, the speculative nature of the inquiry impressing me as unsuitable for an official project. It was only near the close of the period in question that the subject was officially recognized as a formal project of investigation. This came about as a result of repeated inquiries for information received by the Bureau, and referred to me for reply, upon the chances of establishment of the beetle in more or less remote sections of this continent. At the termination of my official employment this study had not reached a stage at which, in my judgment, publication of the indicated results was desirable. Accordingly, as opportun- ity offered, it was continued independently, as a matter of personal interest, and the results are embodied in an article written during the past year and since accepted for publication as a contribution from the Department of Biology of New York University. Some of the earlier results of this unofficial extension of the study were included in the outline furnished Mr. Hadley in 1935. The implied claim of the head officials of the Bureau of En- tomology and Plant Quarantine that my brief outline of 1935 represented an official report would thus appear to rest upon a very questionable basis. Nevertheless, the sole reason which those officials have offered to justify the inclusion of the material of that outline in Mr. Hadley's article, without ac- knowledgment of the source, is the existence in the Bureau of an editorial practice which precludes the citation in publications by its staff of unpublished reports upon officially assigned sub- jects. It is clear that in the application of this rule some provision needs to be made to guard against possible plagiarism in cases where a writer utilizes material supplied by others, but no hint of the existence of any check of this kind is given in the available official correspondence. Neither is any evidence submitted in the same documents to show that, in the present instance, due consideration was given to the obvious fact that means exist, other than direct citation of unpublished papers, whereby an author can record his obligations. 188 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Juty. '39 Immature Staphylinids of the Genus Quedius (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae*). By RALPH VORIS, Southwest Missouri State Teachers College Springfield, Missouri. (Continued from page 155.) QUEDIUS SPELAEUS Horn. Quedius spclacus Horn, 1871, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 3:332. ^Acc Horn, 1878, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 7:158. Blatchley, 1926, 21st. Ann. Rep. Ind. Geol. & Nat. Resources 196. larva. Egg. Unknown. Larva, (ace. Blatchley) Length 15. mm. Head with sides parallel, hind angles rounded; exuviae (in alcohol), testaceous to castaneous. Clypeo-labral margin with median tooth one-half length of first lateral ; first lateral ex- tremely long, conical; clypeal teeth all distinct, not forming with first lateral a smooth arc as first clypeal is below the arc formed by the third clypeals and the first laterals ; clypeal teeth forming an angle of less than 30. Ocelli absent. Antennae with second segment much longer than first ; third shorter than second, "gibbous beyond the middle, the gibbosity with an ex- ternal and an internal long bristle." (Blatchley 96 :196) ; thumb present; fourth segment shorter than third. Maxillae with stipes about twice as long as cardo; lacinia slender; palps with three segments subequal in length; second segment with spine on inner surface near base and spine and outer surface near apex; third segment rapidly narrowed near middle continuing slender to the tip. Lab linn with dorsal surface of stipulae, pal- pigers, and posterior half of ligula densely covered with small spines ; palpigers prominent ; ligula small ; palps with first seg- ment much larger than second. Abdomen with urogomphus biarticulate, confluently not as long as pseudopode ; second segment short, distinct. Pupa. Undescribed. The larvae and adults are said to occur in the caves of southern Indiana and northern Kentucky. Not represented in my collection. QUEDIUS IRACUNDUS (Say). Staphylinus fulgidus Fabricius, 1787, Mantissa Insectorum, Hafniae 1 :22. ace Erichson, 1840, Genera et Species Cole- opterorum 526. \ f '39] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 189 Staphylinus iracundus Say, 1834, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. 4:449. Erichson, 1840, Genera et Species Coleopterorum 526. Qucdius fulgidus Erichson, 1840, Genera et Species Coleop- " terorum 525. Horn, 1878, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 7:158. Blatchley & Wickham, 1896, 21st. Ann. Rep. Ind. Geol. and Hat. Res. 195. Banta. 1907, Carnegie Inst. Washington, pub. 67:31, fig. 3, pupa. Casey, 1915, Memoirs on the Coleoptera 411, 416. Micrasaurus iracundus Casey, 1915, Memoirs on the Coleop- tera 411, 416. Quedius iracundus Leng, 1920, Cat. Coleop. Amer. N. of Mexi- co 110. Egg. Unknown. Larva. Unknown. Pupa. Length 7.1 mm.. Width 2.8 mm.; anterior margin of prothorax not bearing spines; lateral margins of the fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth and ninth abdominal segments each bearing one sharp, stiff spine; terminal spines of medium length, sharp; female accessory spines long and sharp. The material available consists of one exuvia (female) and two adults, loaned by A. M. Banta. The adults were originally identified by H. F. Wickham as Qucdius fulgidus Fabricius. The material is all from Mayfield's Cave, Bloomington, Indiana, being part of the material on which Banta's "The Fauna of Mayfield's Cave" was based. The adults have the eye and an- tennal characters mentioned by Casey. BIBLIOGRAPHY. BANTA, A. M. 1907. The fauna of Mayfield's Cave. Carnegie Institute of Washington. Pub. 67. BLATCHLEY, W. S. and H. F. WICKHAM 1896. Indiana caves and their fauna. 21st. Ann. Report Ind. Dept. Geol. and Nat. Res. 121-212. BOVING, A. G. & F. C. CRAIGHEAD 1931. Larval forms of Col- eoptera. Entomologicia Americana vol. 11. CASEY, T. L. 1915. Memoirs on the Coleoptera. The New Era Printing Co., Lancaster, Penn. 1 : 395-460. ERICHSON, G. F. 1840. Genera et species Staphylinorum. Ber- lin 1-954, pi 1-5. FABRICIUS, J. C. 1787. Mantissa Insectorum. Hafniae 1. GRAVENHORST, J. L. C. 1806. Monographia Coleopterorum Micropterorum. Gottingae. HORN, G. H. 1871. Descriptions of the new Coleoptera of the United States. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 3. 325-344. 190 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [J u ty> '39 ID. 1878. Synopsis of the Quedinii of the United States. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 7: 325-344. SAY, THOMAS 1834. Descriptions of North American insects and observations on some already described. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. 4: 409-470. STEPHENS, J. F. 1832. Illustrations of British Ent. mandi- bulata. London 5. VORIS, RALPH 1934. Biologic investigations on the Staphylin- idae (Coleoptera). Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis 8: 233-261. XAMBEU, C. 1910. Moeurs et metamorphosis des Staphylini- dae. L'Echange 26:47. EXPLANATION OF PLATE I. Fig. 1. Quedius capucinus, dorsal view head. Larva. Fig. 2. Quedius capucinus, lateral view of head. Larva. Fig. 3. Quedius capucinus, ventral view of head. Larva., Fig. 4. Quedius inolochinus, dorsal view right half of head. Larva. Fig. 5. Quedius capucinus, dorsal view. Pupa. Fig. 6. Quedius capucinus, lateral view. Pupa. Fig. 7. Quedius capucinus, ventral view. Pupa. Fig. 8. Quedius inolochinus, lateral view head. Larva. Fig. 9. Quedius capucinus, lateral view seventh, eighth and ninth abdominal segment of female. Pupa. Fig. 10. Quedius capucinus, lateral view seventh, eighth, and ninth abdominal segment of male. Pupa. Fig. 11. Quedius capucinus, dorsal view labium. Larva. Fig. 12. Quedius inolochinus, ventral view clypeo-labral margin and the arrangement of spines around the mouth. Larva. Fig. 13. Quedius inolochinus, antenna. Larva. Fig. 14. Quedius capucinus, antenna. Larva. Fig. 15. Quedius capucinus, dorsal view right maxilla. Larva. Fig. 16. Quedius capucinus, lateral view urogomphus and pseudopode. Larva. Fig. 17. Quedius capucinus, Ventral view clypeo-labral margin and the arrangement of spines around the mouth. Larva. Fig. 18. Quedius capucinus, dorsal, lateral and ventral plates of fourth abdominal segment. Larva. Fig. 19. Quedius inolochinus, gular suture and labium. Larva. Fig. 20. Quedius inolochinus, lateral view urogomphus and pseudopode. Larva. Fig. 21. Quedius inolocJiinus, ventrolateral view left max- illa. Larva. 1, '39] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 191 A Preliminary Study of the Superfamily Papilion- oidea in the Northern Portion of Pine County, Minnesota. (Lepidoptera). By G. N. RYSGAARD, Museum of Natural History, University of Minnesota. A three year study of the Papilionidea of Sturgeon Lake, Pine County, Minnesota was made by the author during the summer months of 1936, 1937, and 1938. The period of ob- servation during each summer extended from late June to late August. The chief objective of the study was to establish locality dates and records for the area, since little work has been done in plotting the distribution of the lepidopteran fauna of this state. The secondary objective was to study the periodicity of abundance and scarcity in order to determine the life cycle periods. Thirdly, it was hoped that information as to local distribution according to habitat areas might be gained. The area under study embraced many different habitats. A small tract of aged Norway and white pines stands as a nucleus of the area and represents sub-climax conditions; surrounding this and extending over a great proportion of the area is the jack pine forest which represents a still earlier stage of ecologi- cal succession. There are hardwood areas of basswood, maple, and oak that nearly equal the coniferous expanses and repre- sent the climax vegetative type for this region. Large tracts of cleared land are maintained in short grass and small floral forms by grazing and recreational activities. Also fields of alfalfa are cultivated. There are two small lakes included in the area, both surrounded by swampland, one being chiefly a cat-tail marsh with an adjoining meadowland slough, while the second consists chiefly of wire grass with a surrounding growth of alder and willow. In addition, a small cranberry bog and an extensive tamarack-spruce swamp are to be found with- in the borders of the studied area. The shoreline of Sturgeon Lake is sandy, representing the pioneer stage of succession which rapidly dovetails into alder-willow brush succession and 192 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [July, '39 thence into both coniferous and deciduous succession stages. Certain small areas along the beach are low and usually are extremely damp and contain standing water; here cat-tails, swamp milkweed, boneset, sun dew, and other helophytic forms are to be found. The large number of varied habitats and environmental areas give support to a similar large number of Papilionoidea, forty-two species and three subspecies having been observed during the three year period. Two of this number, the Gulf Fritillary (Dione vanillae) and the Macoun's Arctic (Oeneis niacounii), may be considered stragglers and not indigenous forms. Following is an annotated list of those species taken during the period of study :* 4. Black Swallowtail (Papilla ajax L.}, July 3, 1937. 15. Tiger Swallowtail (Papilio glaucus turnus L.), June 9, 1937. 41. Orange Sulphur (C alias curythctne Bvd.) Augus